Changes of K+ channels of outer hair cells in guinea pig cochlea with streptomycin ototoxicity

AIM:To study the changes of K⁺ channels of outer hair cells in guinea pig cochlea with streptomycin ototoxicity. METHODS:Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and whole-cell patch clamp techniques were used.RESULTS:(1) The body weight of guinea pigs with streptomycin ototoxicity decreased significantly; (2) The ABR threshold markedly increased in streptomycin group (Ⅱ,Ⅲ);(3)The number of dissociated outer hair cells of guinea pigs (Ⅱ,Ⅲ) was lower than that of control (Ⅰ); (4) Streptomycin decreased the Ca²⁺-sensitive K⁺ currents and delayed outward K⁺ currents distinctly; (5) There was no significant difference of K⁺ currents between Ⅰ and Ⅱ/Ⅲ. CONCLUSION:These results suggest that the inhibition of K⁺ channels is the basis of streptomycin ototoxicity, but not the direct reason for cell death.     

滴灌条件下不同施钾量对甘蔗产质量的影响

为了评估甘蔗生产上应用滴灌施肥技术的效应,比较了滴灌系统及传统方法施用钾肥对甘蔗产量和品质的影响以甘蔗品种粤糖00—236为试材．进行了1年（2006～2007）露天盆栽滴灌种植试验。设置了4个通过滴灌系统施用的钾肥（KCl）水平,K1：10g／盆,K2：15g／盆,K3：20g／盆和K4：30g／盆,滴灌各处理施尿素15g／盆,和1个常规施肥方式（肥料施用量为尿素30g／盆和KCl30g／盆）。试验结果表明．滴灌施肥显著促进了甘蔗的生长．比常规施肥的甘蔗产量获得显著提高,K1、K2、K3和K4处理的每盆蔗茎收获量分别比常规管理的增加了19．2％、38．6％、45．9％和56．4％、滴灌条件下,施钾量不同对甘蔗产质量有显著影响．甘蔗产量随施钾量的增加而增加．但过多施用钾肥对甘蔗品质有负面影响.在甘蔗生产上应用滴灌施肥技术,可以节省钾肥的施用量。而且钾肥用量为常规推荐施用量的一半即可获得较常规施犯高三成以上的产量,通过滴灌系统施用钾肥既有经济效益．又有环境效益．     

钾用量与灌溉方式互作对土壤-烤烟系统钾素及烟叶品质的影响

旨在探究钾用量与灌溉方式互作对土壤-烤烟系统钾素变化及烟叶质量的影响问题。采用大田裂区设计,研究了不同灌溉方式与钾用量互作对土壤-烤烟系统钾素及烟叶内在化学成分的影响。同一灌溉方式下,增施钾肥显著提高土壤钾素含量,土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量随钾肥用量的增加而增加;与不施钾相比,施钾显著提高烟叶钾含量,但常规施钾与高量施钾处理间烟叶钾含量差异不显著。相同施钾量下,3种灌溉方式相比,以交替对1/2区域灌水处理土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量最低,烟叶钾含量以固定对1/2区域灌水处理最高,但与交替对1/2区域灌溉处理差异不显著。烟叶采收结束时,9个处理的土壤速效钾含量均随土层深度的增加,呈先降低再增加的趋势,至60~100 cm土层趋于稳定。灌水方式和钾用量互作对烟叶化学成分有一定影响,以常规施钾与固定1/2区域灌水处理组合的烟叶化学成分协调性最佳。在常规施钾量下,固定1/2区域灌水处理不仅改变了钾素在不同土层的分布,而且提高了烟叶钾含量,且减少了灌溉用水,建议可在黄淮烟区进行示范应用。     

钾元素对苜蓿碳水化合物的分配及抗蓟马的影响

为了探索施钾对苜蓿（Medicago sativa）叶茎根碳水化合物的分配与苜蓿抗蓟马的关系,本试验以紫花苜蓿‘甘农3号’和‘甘农9号’为材料,以牛角花齿蓟马（Odontothrips loti）为研究对象,在网室盆栽条件下,评价不同钾水平下苜蓿的受害程度,并测定了叶茎根中可溶性糖和淀粉含量。结果表明：施钾后,苜蓿的受害指数下降,各器官中的可溶性糖与淀粉含量及其根冠比均升高。随着受害时间的持续,各钾水平下苜蓿叶中可溶性糖含量在受害10 d时最高,茎中可溶性糖含量在受害15 d时最高,根中可溶性糖含量及各器官中淀粉含量均持续增加;可溶性糖的叶茎比在受害10 d时最高,淀粉的叶茎比变化不显著,可溶性糖和淀粉的根冠比均持续升高。施钾提高了苜蓿的碳水化合物含量,并调控其在苜蓿各器官中的合理分配,进而增强了苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性。‘甘农9号’抗性表现较‘甘农3号’好,本试验中最适施钾量为0.6 g·（10 kg）^-1土。     

施用氮钾肥对大葱产量和经济效益的影响

为了明确氮、钾肥对大葱产量和经济效益的影响,开展了多年施用不同数量的氮、钾肥对大葱产量和经济效益的影响试验。结果表明,增施钾肥对大葱生长发育有明显的促进作用,并能显著提高产量。白庙和黄岭地区试验在氮肥(纯N)水平为225、300 kg/hm~2时,大葱经济产量分别增加11.9%～16.8%和13.2%～21.1%,平均分别增长13.9%、16.7%,大葱产量均随钾肥施用量的加大而提高。在氮肥低用量条件下,适当增加氮肥施用量,也能有效提高大葱的经济产量,不同钾肥(K2O)用量下施氮肥大葱可增产9.9%～14.8%,平均增产12.5%;其中,白庙地区大葱产值增收26 160～41 900元/hm~2,产投比为20.22～43.21。     

Gelation characteristics of Mesona chinensis polysaccharide-maize starches gels: Influences of KCl and NaCl

An investigation was conducted into the effects of potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl) on the gelation properties of maize starch-Mesona chinensis polysaccharide (MCP) gels. Waxy maize starch (WS), normal maize starch (NS), and high amylose maize starch (HS) were used to compare the effects of different amylose contents on the gel properties of maize starch-MCP gels. The results showed that KCl and NaCl have similar effects on the gelation, rheological, and structural properties of maize starch-MCP gels. The addition of KCl and NaCl increased the pasting viscosity, breakdown values, setback values, dynamic modulus, and apparent viscosity of maize starch-MCP gels, especially for HS-MCP gels. LF-NMR (Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance) showed that salts reduced bound water content while increasing the free water content of maize starch-MCP gels. CLSM (Confocal laser scanning microscopy) results also indicated that salt can restrict the expansion and maintain the integrity of starch granules, especially for WS-MCP gels.     

Potassium influence on soil aggregate stability

Improving soil aggregate stability (SAS) is important for crop production and environmental protection. Here we aim to quantify the effects of potassium (K) on SAS and to examine SAS as a function of potassium adsorption ratio (PAR) and cation ratio of soil structural stability (CROSS). The soils were treated with the incremental K and analyzed for their aggregate stability, clay dispersion, PAR, and CROSS. The influence of K on SAS, therefore, was tested statistically and fitted functionally. The results showed that K decreased clay dispersion and improved SAS. Also, SAS as a function of PAR fit an inverse exponential regression. Based on the coefficients of determination (R²) of the obtained functions, SAS can be explained by PAR with the accuracy above 94%. Increasing CROSS according to K also caused higher SAS, implying that K is considered as a flocculating inducer for kaolinitic tropical soils.     

锌钾营养对温室无土栽培番茄生理和品质的影响

以番茄品种丰收为试材,在封闭式循环无土栽培系统下研究锌肥和钾肥对番茄植株生长、光合特性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,增施锌肥、钾肥均能提高番茄植株的株高、茎粗、叶片数;提高番茄净光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合指标;番茄果实VC、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量及糖酸比均增加,单果质量和单株产量显著提高,其中钾肥对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响高于锌肥,锌肥和钾肥同施的效果优于单独施用。     

重铬酸钾对大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

[目的]研究不同浓度的重铬酸钾溶液对大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响,为探讨铬离子对植物体的细胞毒性和遗传毒性提供参考。[方法]用12．5、25．0、50．0、100．0、200．0mg／L重铬酸钾溶液分别处理大蒜根尖24、48、72h,设蒸馏水为对照组;应用常规染色体压片技术,观察铬对大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂指数和染色体畸变现象的影响;应用Tamhane多重比较进行差异性分析。[结果]当重铬酸钾的浓度为0～25．0mg／L时,无论处理时间长短,大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂指数均呈上升趋势;当重铬酸钾浓度大于25．0mg／L时,有丝分裂指数则呈下降趋势。Tamhane多重比较表明：用不同浓度的重铬酸钾培养大蒜根尖24h,较高浓度（200．0mg／L）与较低浓度（0、12．5、25．0mg／L）处理组间存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）;培养大蒜根尖48h,较高浓度（200．0mg／L）与较低浓度（12．5、25．0、50．0mg／L）处理组间存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）;培养大蒜根尖72h,则大部分处理组间都存在极显著差异。各处理组均有染色体畸变现象。[结论]重铬酸钾对大蒜根尖细胞的毒害作用与其浓度和作用时间有关。在一定时间内,较低浓度的重铬酸钾促进大蒜根尖细胞的有丝分裂,较高浓度的重铬酸钾则抑制大蒜根尖细胞的有丝分裂,说明铬具有二重性。     

钾肥不同用量和施肥时期对大白菜产量和品质影响研究

通过试验,研究钾肥不同用量和施肥时期对大白菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明,增施钾肥有显著的增产效应与品质改善效应,各处理与不施用钾肥处理相比较增产4.17%~12.78%,维生素C含量增幅达到7.57%~18.87%,可溶性糖含量增幅达到12.26%~20.57%,硝酸盐含量减幅达到11.21%~18.82%。当地大白菜钾肥最佳施用量为150 kg/hm2,并且钾肥50%基施,50%追施满足了大白菜生长关键时期对钾素的需求。