长期不同耕作方式下的土壤硬度变化特征

为探明不同耕作方式下土壤硬度变化特征,以始于1983年长期定位不同耕作方式土壤为研究对象,采用土壤硬度仪观测免耕(no-tillage,NT)、翻耕(plow tillage,PT)、间隔深松(spacing tillage,ST)和传统耕作(conventional tillage,CT)不同年份、季节、土壤剖面及冻融前后土壤硬度,研究不同耕作方式对土壤硬度的影响。结果表明:免耕增加了耕层0~25 cm土壤硬度,而土层25~45 cm免耕硬度显著降低(P0.05),但传统耕作硬度有增加趋势,间隔深松和翻耕硬度明显低于免耕和传统耕作(P0.05);不同耕作方式土壤硬度随季节的推移呈波动性变化,0~25和25~45cm变化趋势基本一致;土壤硬度随土壤深度的增加而增加,上层明显低于下层(P0.05),不同时期变化不同,前期随深度增加到20cm处呈垂直变化,而后期随深度增加呈反"S"型曲线变化;冻融交替作用可以有效降低土壤硬度,缓解冻融后土壤硬度,间隔深松降幅最大为148.97%,其次为免耕和翻耕,降幅分别为41.96%和58.44%,传统耕作降幅最小仅为3.38%。综合分析认为,间隔深松耕作是改善土壤硬度,提高土壤宜耕性的有效耕作方法。该研究可为东北雨养农业区构建合理耕层和确定适宜的耕作技术提供科学依据。     

长期保护性耕作提高土壤大团聚体含量及团聚体有机碳的作用

【目的】团聚体形成被认为是土壤固碳的最重要机制。本文以河南豫西地区长期耕作试验为研究对象,研究了长期保护性耕作对土壤团聚体性质及土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的影响,为探讨土壤固碳机理,优化黄土高原坡耕地区农田耕作管理措施,实现土壤固碳减排、培肥土壤提供理论依据。【方法】长期耕作试验开始于1999年,试验处理有免耕覆盖(NT)、深松覆盖(SM)和翻耕(CT)。利用湿筛法筛分第3年(2002年)和第13年(2011年)0—10cm和10—20 cm土层中,2000、250~2000、53~250和53μm级别的水稳性团聚体,计算团聚体平均质量直径(MWD),并测定了各级别团聚体的有机碳(SOC)含量。【结果】1)连续13年免耕覆盖和深松覆盖显著提高了土壤表层0—10 cm的SOC含量,分别比翻耕增加了33.47%和44.48%。2011年免耕覆盖和深松覆盖SOC含量较2002年上升了1.92%和8.59%,翻耕下降了18.97%。2)与翻耕相比,免耕覆盖和深松覆盖2000μm团聚体含量显著提高了40.71%和106.75%;53~250μm团聚体含量显著降低了19.72%和22.53%;团聚体平均质量直径显著提高了20.55%和39.68%,显示了土壤结构的明显改善。3)免耕覆盖和深松覆盖显著提高了表层土壤所有团聚体有机碳的含量,尤其以2000μm团聚体提升最多。与翻耕相比,2000μm团聚体有机碳分别提高了40.0%和27.6%。4)免耕覆盖和深松覆盖下表层土壤大团聚体有机碳含量随耕作年限增加,微团聚体有机碳随耕作年限降低。2000μm的土壤团聚体有机碳含量2011年较2002年分别升高了23.93%和7.12%,53~250μm微团聚体有机碳含量分别下降了19.58%和13.27%。【结论】长期保护性耕作(包括免耕覆盖和深松覆盖)可显著提高表层土壤大团聚体含量,降低微团聚体含量,提高团聚体的水稳性,改善土壤结构。同时可增加土壤团聚体有机碳含量,提高土壤肥力。长期保护性耕作在河南豫西丘陵地区是一种较为合理的耕作方式。     

有机肥与化肥不同比例配施下水稻土铵态氮释放特征

采用淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法,研究了有机肥(猪粪和牛粪)与化肥(尿素)氮以不同比例配施后对水稻土铵态氮释放特征的影响。结果表明:与单施100%尿素处理相比,培养到28 d,配施有机肥处理(除80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮、70%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理)显著降低土壤铵态氮的累积释放量,且随有机肥配施比例的增加降幅增大,降低幅度为5.78%~41.20%(P0.05);培养28~90 d,配施有机肥处理(50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮处理除外)的土壤铵态氮释放量显著提高;至培养90 d,50%尿素氮配施50%猪粪氮和80%尿素氮配施20%牛粪氮处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量显著高于单施100%尿素处理,提高幅度分别为4.81%和9.32%(P0.05)。培养结束时,氮素减施20%(单施80%尿素氮、50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮和50%尿素氮配施30%牛粪氮)处理的土壤铵态氮累积释放量与单施100%尿素处理无显著差异。本研究表明,50%尿素氮配施30%猪粪氮既可以降低土壤铵态氮前期释放速率,又可以增加水稻土持续稳定的供氮能力,对减少氮肥损失维持作物生产具有重要意义。     

论南方红黄壤地区饲草开发利用的几种途径

本文在论述我国南方红黄壤地区的自然特征、社会经济、资源与环境现状的基础上，对如何开发利用该区饲草进行了探讨，指出保护和改善生态环境，积极实行林草结合、种养结合、粮草轮作和发展种草配套养鱼以及调制人工干草制品，是该区丘陵山地发展饲草的有效途径。     

稻秸覆盖对有机茶园土壤生态环境影响的研究

对多年稻秸覆盖下有机茶园土壤生态环境的研究表明,稻秸覆盖能改善土壤养分状况,稻秸覆盖处理0～40cm土层中,有机质、全N、全P和速效性N、P、K的平均含量均比对照相应土层高,分别是对照处理的2.00倍、1.87倍、1.66倍、1.91倍、1.91倍、2.56倍;稻秸覆盖能增加土壤微生物主要类群数量,0～40cm土层中,覆盖处理的真菌和细菌分别是对照的3.54倍和4.46倍;稻秸覆盖能增加干季土壤含水量,稻秸覆盖处理的0～10cm、10～20cm和0～30cm各土层的土壤含水量分别比对照相应土层提高了26.24%、13.92%和12.38%;稻秸覆盖能改善土壤动物总数状况,稻秸覆盖处理的0～40cm土层中,土壤动物个体总数是对照处理的1.87倍。因此,稻秸覆盖值得在有机茶园中大力推广。     

Differences in common bean rhizobial populations associated with soil tillage management in southern Brazil

Progressive adoption of no-tillage (NT) agriculture in the tropics is finally reversing physical, chemical, and biological erosion of soil and in Brazil, an estimated 19 Mha are now devoted to NT. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a main component of Brazilian agriculture, and enhancement of yields has been achieved under NT as a result of mitigation of environmental stresses, resulting in higher N₂ fixation. However, the effects of NT on rhizobial diversity are poorly understood. This study evaluated rhizobial diversity in soils planted to common bean under NT or conventional tillage (CT) systems that were compared with natural grassland used for grazing, in the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Genetic diversity was assessed by the amplification of the DNA by PCR with specific primers (BOX-PCR) and by RFLP-PCR analyses of the 16S rDNA region. A high level of diversity was observed among strains from all three systems, such that the similarity in the clustering analysis of BOX-PCR products ranged from 36% under natural grassland to only 23% for CT strains. High polymorphism was confirmed in the RFLP-PCR analysis; forty-seven different profiles were obtained, none sharing high similarity with the profiles of reference species of common bean rhizobia. These results indicate that other tropical rhizobial species remain to be described. Genetic diversity was higher among the NT than the CT rhizobial strains, especially when the RFLP-PCR profiles were considered. Genetic diversity in the natural grassland was lower than in the cropped systems, possibly due to absence of the host plant and stubble burning in winter. Average yields in the area under NT (e.g. common bean, approximately 1500 kg ha⁻¹) have been about 30% higher than under CT, therefore high rhizobial diversity may be a parameter indicative of superior soil quality.     

Effect of cultivation and within-field differences in soil conditions on feral Helianthus annuus growth in ridge-tillage maize

Differences in weed population dynamics with respect to within-field heterogeneity are not well documented despite increasing interest in site-specific management of agro-ecosystems. The focus of this study was to determine if mechanical weed management (cultivation) and/or soil factors help to explain observed within-field distributions of feral common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The ridges and furrows created by the ridge–tillage system adds additional microsites to existing spatial heterogeneity for soil characteristics such as soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration. Experimental areas were selected on the basis of naturally high or low SOC concentration. Cultivation resulted in 100% mortality of H. annuus seedlings growing in the middle of furrows. Cultivation of pre-emergence herbicide treated and no-herbicide ridges resulted in small but statistically significant ( = 0.05) reductions in seedling survival. No differences were detected in H. annuus canopy height, stem diameter, stem length, or vegetative biomass between high and low SOC environments. Neither total reproductive biomass (P = 0.49) nor the biomass of flowers near physiological maturity (an estimate of fecundity; P = 0.59) were affected by SOC environment. Late season H. annuus lodging was observed to reduce reproductive biomass. Juvenile plants that survived mechanical weed control efforts grew and produced reproductive biomass similarly across SOC environments. The lack of difference in vegetative and reproductive characteristics between high and low SOC environments suggests that SOC (or the edaphic conditions associated with greater or lesser SOC level) was not critical in contributing to the observed distribution of H. annuus from juvenile to flowering stages of growth within well-fertilized, irrigated agricultural habitats.     

回转破碎气流干燥设备试验研究

介绍了回转破碎气流干燥设备的结构特点及其性能试验。该设备将滚筒破碎干燥机与气流干燥机串联组合，其组合衔接处采用封头板带过流孔的独特结构形式，把整个干燥过程分为三个阶段，集滚筒破碎干燥机、闪急干燥机和气流干燥机的优点于一体，提高了烘干效率和产品质量。     

紫色土两种耕作制的产流产沙过程与水土流失观测准确性分析

设计了一种径流观测系统,可以观测表面径流和壤中流。通过观测不同自然降雨和土壤初始条件下的产流产沙过程,揭示了降雨强度较大的情况下,聚土免耕耕作制的产沙强度明显较常规种植的小,说明聚土免耕耕作制防治土壤流失是可行的;但当土壤达到饱和后,聚土免耕的径流强度与常规耕作制常规种植的差异较小,因此,聚土免耕能明显防治径流流失是有限的;水土流失观测小区的坡脚有渗漏阻碍面(墙),不能将表面流和壤中流分开,土壤达饱和后产流发生时,部分壤中流成为地面径流,而使所测得的结果与实际的差异较明显,径流偏多而蚀沙偏少。这一点,在建水土流失观测小区时,应足以重视。     

真空预冷技术在子芋冷藏保鲜上的应用研究

将真空预冷技术配合塑料薄膜袋包装应用于冷藏保鲜子芋的预处理，研究不同的真空预冷处理工艺条件对子芋冷藏保鲜效果的影响，筛选最佳真空预冷工艺条件，并将保鲜效果同普通冷藏相比较。结果表明：采用真空室的真空度650 Pa，真空预冷终温4℃，预冷时间30 min进行真空预冷处理，并配合塑料薄膜袋包装的冷藏子芋比一般冷藏保鲜效果明显更好。表现在：冷藏30 d，外观饱满不皱皮，好果率提高19.5个百分点，失重率减少15.51个百分点，呼吸曲线明显下移，呼吸高峰推迟10 d出现，峰值减少20.2％。总糖保存率提高23.5个百分点。