免耕对农田土壤N_2O排放影响及作用机制研究进展

免耕在促进农业可持续发展和有效分馏大气碳的同时还可影响土壤N2O排放,但迄今为止关于免耕对农田土壤N2O排放影响的研究结果却不尽一致,正效应间或负效应都存在。本文综述了免耕条件下土壤理化性状和生物性状的变化及其对N2O排放的影响,并指出实施免耕后土壤反硝化强度变化程度的不同是导致免耕对N2O排放影响效应不同的主要原因,最后提出了一些有待研究的问题。     

Spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions in an unmanaged old‐growth beech forest

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a high‐impact greenhouse gas. Due to the scarcity of unmanaged forests in Central Europe, its long‐term natural background emission level is not entirely clear. We measured soil N₂O emissions in an unmanaged, old‐growth beech forest in the Hainich National Park, Germany, at 15 plots over a 1‐year period. The average annual measured N₂O flux rate was (0.49 ± 0.44) kg N ha^–1 y^–1. The N₂O emissions showed background‐emission patterns with two N₂O peaks. A correlation analysis shows that the distance between plots (up to 380 m) does not control flux correlations. Comparison of measured data with annual N₂O flux rates obtained from a standard model (Forest‐DNDC) without site‐specific recalibration reveals that the model overestimates the actual measured N₂O flux rates mainly in spring. Temporal variability of measured N₂O flux was better depicted by the model at plots with high soil organic C (SOC) content. Modeled N₂O flux rates were increased during freezing only when SOC was > 0.06 kg C kg^–1. The results indicate that the natural background of N₂O emissions may be lower than assumed by most approaches.     

NO处理对采后芒果抗氧化酶系统的影响

[目的]探讨NO处理对采后芒果抗氧化酶系统的影响.[方法]以“吉禄”芒果为试验对象,用0.1 mmol/L的外源NO浸泡处理芒果果实30 min,25℃贮藏11d,分析NO处理对芒果果实中过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）等抗氧化相关酶活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量变化的影响.[结果]NO处理能在一定程度上抑制芒果果实丙二醛含量的增加,并提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性,从而延缓了采后芒果果实在贮藏过程中的衰老进程.[结论]研究可为NO用于芒果贮藏保鲜提供理论依据.     

固体碱催化剂CaO-人造沸石催化制备生物柴油的研究

制备了CaO-人造沸石固体碱催化剂,并将其用于酯交换反应制备生物柴油。按L25（56）设计了正交试验,并确定了制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为：催化剂焙烧温度为500℃,催化剂用量为原料油质量的4%,醇油摩尔比为9∶1,反应时间3.5 h,反应温度70℃,生物柴油产率可达98%;并运用了FT-IR、TG-DSC、XRD等手段对催化剂进行了表征。     

一氧化氮与植物激素之间相互作用研究进展

文章主要阐述了植物中NO在一些激素如生长素、细胞分裂素、细胞脱落酸及在种子萌发和细胞程序性死亡（PCD）等调控的生理反应中的协同作用,指出NO和乙烯的比率决定着植物的成熟和衰老发生;关于NO在各种反应中内源的产生机制、NO在植物细胞和组织间的传递途径以及NO的靶分子等问题还需要进一步深入研究。并提出在植物生长发育方面,NO与植物激素功能存在着重叠,而它们之间是怎样协同发挥功能将是今后深入研究的热点方向。     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

研究了营养液水培下黄瓜在外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响,结果表明:NaCl胁迫明显抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长,降低了保护酶活性,而NaCl胁迫下加入0.1 mmol/L SNP可以显著降低·O2-的积累,缓解NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,同时能显著提高幼苗的可溶性蛋白含量,增强SOD...     

掺杂稳定固定剂的沉积物样品吸附Cu、Zn的特征

利用掺杂稳定固定剂的沉积物样品进行cu、zn的热力学吸附,考察铁氧化物类、有机质类、黏土矿物类及磷酸盐类等11种物质的掺杂对沉积物样品吸附cu、zn热力学特征的影响。结果表明,所选用的掺杂材料中羟基磷灰石和磷酸氢二铵可同时提高沉积物吸附cu、zn的能力,其中Cu的最大吸附量提高70％～130％,Zn的最大吸附量提高150％以上,说明羟基磷灰石和磷酸氢二铵可望用作污染沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn的稳定固定剂。     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

Evaluation of chitosan and alginate immobilized Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20 on tomato plant growth

Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20, a promising plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and a biocontrol agent, was immobilized in different formulations such as wet chitosan, dry chitosan, wet alginate and dry alginate and were tested for tomato plant growth promotion. Chitosan solution (1.5%) with pH 5.5–6.0 and 90 min contact time was found optimal for immobilization. The chitosan formulations showed better entrapment efficiency and good degradability resistance apart from slow release of cells under prolonged incubation. Survivability of bacteria (80%) was observed in wet chitosan formulation even after 90 days of storage at 4°C. The spermosphere survival of bacteria was high in both dry and wet chitosan formulations applied soils even after 21 days under greenhouse conditions. While the alginate formulation degraded fully, partial degradation of chitosan formulation was observed even after 30 days, indicating its ability to support the survival of M. oryzae CBMB20 in soil. Plants inoculated with wet chitosan formulation registered 1.3 fold increase in the shoot and root length and dry weight compared to other treatments. Hence, chitosan formulation supporting better plant growth compared to alginate will be a better carrier for taking bacteria to the plant rhizosphere and thereby promote plant growth.     

铝胁迫下硝普钠对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响

用一氧化氮供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)处理铝胁迫下的黑麦和小麦幼苗,探讨铝胁迫和铝胁迫下外源NO对黑麦和小麦根尖细胞壁铝吸附的影响。结果表明:铝显著抑制黑麦和小麦根的伸长生长,小麦受抑制更为严重;SNP处理可缓解铝对黑麦和小麦根伸长生长的抑制作用,1 mmol/L SNP处理最有效。小麦根尖对铝的吸附量和吸附速率显著高于黑麦的,1 mmol/L SNP处理显著降低小麦和黑麦细胞壁对铝的吸附量,使根尖铝含量显著下降。铝与根尖细胞壁的结合是导致植物铝毒害的重要原因,而降低根尖细胞壁对铝的吸附是外源NO缓解铝毒害的重要机制。