沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究

以富营养化类型不同的乌梁素海和岱海为对象,根据水域面积及生态类型进行采样及分析测试,开展了湖泊沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究,对比分析了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量的分布特征及其差异性,初步探讨了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量与含水率、pH及有机碳各形态间的相关性。结果表明,乌梁素海表层沉积物中微生物量介于5.59×10^8～32.46×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均16.36×10^8个·g^-1dw;岱海表层沉积物微生物量介于4.76×10^8～43.66×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均25.04×10^8个·g^-1dw;乌梁素海微生物量的高值区位于湖区东南部,岱海微生物量的高值区位于湖心区;2个湖泊沉积物柱芯中的微生物量均随深度增加而减少,沉积物微生物量与含水率、总氮和活性有机碳呈显著相关性。     

硒的土壤化学特性及有效性研究进展

从含量、形态和有效性等方面综述了硒的土壤化学特性研究进展,分析了影响土壤硒有效性的因素,并对硒的研究工作进行了展望.     

Sulfur in soils

Sulfur (S) deficiency of crops, which has been reported with increasing frequency over the past two decades on a worldwide scale, is a factor that reduces yield and affects the quality of harvested products. Especially in Western European countries, incidence of S deficiency has increasingly been reported in Brassicaceae. For this reason, more attention should be paid to the optimization of S‐fertilizer application, in order to cover plant S requirements whilst minimizing environmental impacts. In soils, S exists in inorganic and organic forms. While sulfate (SO ), which is a direct S source for plants, contributes up to 5% of total soil S, generally more than 95% of soil S are organically bound. Organic S is divided into sulfate ester and carbon‐bonded S. Although not directly plant‐available, organically bound S may potentially contribute to the S supply of plants, especially in deficiency situations. Sulfur turnover involves both biochemical and biological mineralization. Biochemical mineralization, which is the release of SO from the ester sulfate pool through enzymatic hydrolysis, is controlled by S supply, while the biological mineralization is driven by the microbial need for organic C to provide energy.     

红壤中稀土元素结合形态的研究及其意义

本文对五个不同母质来源的红壤剖面层中稀土元素的结合形态进行了研究，统计表明稀土元素的各种结合形态中以残渣态为主，其次为铁锰氧化物结合态，大部分稀土元素的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、有机质结合态及酸溶态含量较为接近。各剖面层中稀土元素结合形态的变化大致可分为两类，一类以表层含量较高，如有机质结合态；另一类以深层含量较高，如可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、残渣态和酸溶态，而铁锰氧化物结合态变化较复杂，但主要集中在深层。不同母质对不同稀土元素的各种结合形态亦有一定的制约作用，表现为某些稀土元素的一些结合形态在一种或几种母质的红壤中占主导地位。本文还对稀土元素的各种结合形态与红壤的硅酸盐成分及其有机质含量、ｐＨ值间进行了相关分析，认识到结合形态与红壤本身成分间的密切关系。     

施污土壤重金属有效态分布及生物有效性

以城市污泥为研究对象,将城市污泥与土壤按照一定的质量比配成污泥混合土壤.采用6种不同性质提取剂(0.05mol/L EDTA、0.1 mol/L CH3 COOH、0.01 mol/L CaC12、1 mol/L CH3COONH4,0.05 mol/L NaHCO3和0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl)分别对污泥混合土壤中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn)的螯合态、酸溶态、中性交换态、中性结合态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态进行提取,考察污泥的添加对土壤中不同形态重金属的消长规律.通过黑麦草盆栽试验,探究污泥混合土壤中不同形态重金属的植物可利用性.结果表明:污泥混合土壤中重金属螯合态比例较大,占总量的20.3％-40.0％;其次为酸溶态和中性结合态,而中性交换态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态的含量较低.污泥的添加促进了黑麦草对Cd、Cu和Zn的吸收,在污泥添加率为44.4％时根部对其吸收量达最大,分别较CK处理增加了0.3、2.3和6.5倍.抑制了对Pb的吸收,在污泥添加率为37.5％时,根部对Pb的吸收较CK处理下降0.4倍.Pearson相关系数分析结果表明:污泥混合土壤中以螯合态、酸溶态和中性结合态存在重金属可被黑麦草吸收利用.     

雪松在园林绿化中的应用

介绍了雪松的生物学特性和生态习性,分析了其作为园林绿化树种在观赏性、防护作用、经济价值及文化价值中的作用,阐述了其孤植、对植、列植、从植、群植5种造景形式,并论述了其在城市街道、居民区、厂区和工业区、风景区和森林公园5类不同区域园林绿化中的应用。     

洱海缓冲带典型入湖溪流沉积物磷形态的分布特征

[目的]了解洱海缓冲带典型入湖河流沉积物磷形态分布特征,为洱海生态系统修复提供科学依据。[方法]对洱海缓冲带3条典型入湖溪流茫涌溪、莫残溪、中和溪进行了沉积物的采集,并对其中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)4种磷形态的含量进行测定。[结果]3条溪流沉积物磷形态沿程变化趋势大不相同;洱海的缓冲带结构缺乏合理性,有待改进;土地的利用类型不同对洱海缓冲带入湖河流沉积物磷形态贡献率也就不同;入湖口沉积物磷形态含量从大到小均依次为:中和溪莫残溪茫涌溪;从磷形态组成来看,茫涌溪沉积物中的磷主要为Ca-P,莫残溪、中和溪则均以Fe/Al-P为主;磷形态的相关性分析表明,3条溪沉积物中TP含量的变化与Fe/Al-P,及有机磷(OP)呈极显著正相关。[结论]沉积物中OP的变化对Ca-P,Fe/Al-P的含量有一定影响。Fe/Al-P含量对IP含量有较高的贡献率。Fe/Al-P与Ca-P之间相关性较弱。     

Oxidation and fate of chromium in soils

Abstract

The ammonia electrode method was used to characterize soil organic nitrogen. Amide-N, α-amino-N and hexosamine-N were estimated by measuring the ammonium-N derived from each organic-N with an ammonia electrode after hydrolysis of standard compounds followed by certain treatments. Each organic-N was recovered quantitatively from each standard compound in the presence and absence of soil. Twenty soil samples were analyzed for the above forms of organic nitrogen by both the distillation and electrode methods. The results obtained by the ammonia electrode method for each form of organic nitrogen agreed closely with those obtained by the distillation method. The electrode method was preferred for subsequent soil studies since it is simple and sensitive.     

Influence of nitrogen forms and levels on the growth and nutrition of cacao

Ammonium and nitrate are the major forms of nitrogen (N) present in tropical soils. An experiment was conducted to assess the influence of nitrate and ammonium forms (NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, and mix of NO₃^? + NH₄⁺), and levels (1.5–12.0 mM) of N on the growth and nutrition of cacao (Theobroma cacao L). Growth parameters were significantly influenced by N forms, and nitrogen supplied as NH₄⁺ proved better for the growth of cacao compared with NO₃^? form and mixtures of these two forms. Irrespective of the forms of N, levels of N had no significant effect on plant growth parameters. Nutrient efficiency ratios (NERs) (shoot dry matter produced per unit of nutrient uptake) for macronutrients were sulfur>phosphorus>calcium>magnesium>nitrogen>potassium (S>P>Ca>Mg>N>K) and for micronutrients NERs were in the order of copper>boron>zinc>iron>manganese (Cu>B>Zn>Fe>Mn).     

Continuous Cropping,Fertilization, and Organic Manure Application Effects on Potassium in an Alfisol under Arid Conditions

Effects of continuous cropping and addition of organic manures (farmyard manure, FYM, and groundnut shells, GNS) along with inorganic fertilizers on nonexchangeable potassium (K) release kinetics in a K-deficient Alfisol were studied in a 20-year manurial experiment under arid conditions. There was a depletion in available K under continuous cropping without K input (control) as compared to other treatments such as 100% nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK), 50% NPK + 4 metric tons (MT) groundnut shells ha^?1, 50% NPK + 4 MT FYM ha^?1, and 100% organic (i.e., 5 MT FYM ha^?1). Over 20 years of cropping without K input, available K was reduced from 155 kg ha^?1 (in 1985) to 82 kg ha^?1 (in 2005), showing a negative balance of 73 kg ha^?1. Soil in control plots showed available K in the deficient range (<50 mg kg^?1), whereas four other fertilizer and manurial treatments were greater than the critical limit. Considerable improvements in nonexchangeable K-release parameters such as step K and cumulative K release were observed in manured plots over control. Parabolic diffusion and first-order kinetic equations explained K release from soils. Potassium-release rates were drastically reduced in control plots, and there were increased release rates with continuous addition of manures. Results suggest that soils with groundnut shells or FYM (4 MT ha^?1) along with 50% inorganic fertilizer additions could maintain greater K release rates after 20 years of cropping as compared to cropping without K input.