聚糠萘水剂对低温胁迫玉米幼苗氮代谢酶活的调控效应

以郑单958和丰单3号的3展叶期幼苗为材料,在人工气候室进行盆栽试验,研究4℃低温胁迫至幼苗死亡过程中叶片氮素代谢关键酶活的变化规律及聚糠萘水剂(PKN)的调控效应。结果表明,低温胁迫打破了氮素代谢平衡,致使氮素同化相关酶硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性(GSA)和谷氨酸-草酰乙酸转移酶活性(GOTA)于胁迫初期升高,之后迅速下降,且GSA和GOTA降低比NRA提前2 d。随低温胁迫时间的延长,玉米幼苗受害加重,蛋白酶、肽酶活性增加,叶片可溶性蛋白与游离氨基酸含量升高。PKN处理提高了NRA、GSA、GOTA,降低了蛋白酶、肽酶活性,维持氮素代谢稳定,促进单株干物重增加,提高了玉米幼苗抗冷性。     

玉米自交系氮效率基因型差异分析

对27个玉米自交系材料分高产氮高效型、高产氮低效型、低产氮高效型、低产氮低效型4种氮效率类型,对其氮效率进行分析。结果表明,在高氮和低氮条件下,对氮效率的贡献均以利用效率大于吸收效率,是氮效率差异的主要决定因素。高产氮高效型基因型在高氮和低氮条件下氮效率均最高,高氮条件下氮效率平均比高产氮低效型、低产氮高效型、低产氮低效型高10.85%、122.52%、60.04%;低氮条件下高74.06%、100.34%、175.57%。高氮条件下的玉米氮效率低于低氮条件下的氮效率。     

低氮胁迫下我国不同年代玉米品种产量及产量构成因子变化趋势研究

试验以我国不同年代的35个玉米品种为材料,在施氮肥和不施氮肥两个水平下对产量、穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、秃尖长、轴粗、百粒重共7个农艺性状进行考查比较。结果表明,除轴粗以外,其余几个农艺性状不同年代间差异均达到显著或极显著水平,随年代变化玉米品种产量显著提高,氮胁迫压力下不同年代玉米品种产量均下降。正常施氮条件下,各年代玉米品种的穗长、穗粗、穗粒数呈上升趋势,低氮胁迫降低了穗长、穗粗、穗粒数及百粒重,而对轴粗无明显影响。研究还表明,1950年以来我国玉米品种的耐低氮能力没有明显提高。育种工作要在自交系选育中重视低氮条件,为进一步培育耐低氮杂交种奠定基础。     

Effects of Waterlogging on Nitrogen Fixation and Photosynthesis in Supernodulating Soybean Cultivar Kanto 100

Abstract

The supernodulating soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar Kanto 100 was previously characterized by superior nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthesis, and resulting in high yields. However, this cultivar seems to be susceptible to waterlogging during the vegetative growth stage, which frequently occurs in major soybean producing areas in East Asia. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of waterlogging on nodulation, N fixation and photosynthesis in Kanto 100 with those in its normally-nodulating ancestral cultivar Enrei. Kanto 100 and Enrei were grown in pots, and subjected to waterlogging for 10 days at three vegetative growth stages in 2003 and 2004. Waterlogging significantly reduced the number of nodules of both cultivars, but the magnitude of the reduction was more pronounced in Kanto 100. The acetylene reduction activity (ARA) of nodules and apparent photosynthetic rate (AP) of leaves were generally depressed immediately after the start of waterlogging, but both functions recovered substantially at the pod-filling stage in both cultivars. No marked cultivar difference was found in the magnitude of the reduction of ARA per plant and AP measured immediately after waterlogging and at the pod-filling stage in both years, but growth impairment was more pronounced in Kanto 100 in 2003. These results suggest that the supernodulating cultivar Kanto 100 is more susceptible to waterlogging than its normally-nodulating ancestral cultivar.     

Role of Belowground Parts of Green Manure Legumes,Crotalaria spectabilis and Sesbania rostrata,in N Uptake by the Succeeding Tendergreen Mustard Plant

Using symbiotically N₂-fixing legumes as green manures is a way to supply N from the atmosphere to cropping ecosystems. Usually whole plants of the green manure are incorporated into soil; hence, the belowground parts as well as the aboveground parts would contribute to N transfer to succeeding crops. However, little is known about the contribution of the belowground parts alone. We assessed N transfer from belowground parts compared to whole plants of two legumes, Crotalaria spectabilis and Sesbania rostrata. Each of the legumes was grown approximately for 3 months in a 1/2000a Wagner pot filled with soil media, and then the roots alone (R) or shoot and root (S + R) were harvested and incorporated in the pots. Tendergreen mustard (Brassica rapa) as the succeeding crop was grown for 66 days in these pots without additional fertilizer. Although the amount of N in green manure in S + R pots was approximately 4-fold higher than that in R pots, differences in N uptake by tendergreen mustard between the S + R and R pots were smaller (1.7-fold for C. spectabilis and 2.3-fold for S. rostrata). This means that N recovery rate by tendergreen mustard was significantly higher in R than in S + R pots with either green manures. Differences in C/N ratio of the green manures could not likely explain the higher N recovery rate in R pots. Bioassay of the aqueous extracts from the green manure with lettuce seedlings suggested that growth inhibitory effects might be responsible for the lower recovery rate in S + R treatment.     

Effects of Seeding Rate and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Yield and Protein Content of the Bread Wheat Cultivar ‘Minaminokaori’ in Southwestern Japan

Abstract

We examined the effects of seeding rate, 50 or 150 seeds m-², nitrogen (N) application rate at active tillering and jointing, 4 and 2 g N m-², respectively, or none, and N application rate at anthesis, 0, 2, 4, or 6 g N m-², on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, during the 2004–2005 crop season in southwestern Japan. Grain yield was similar at a seeding rate of 50 and 150 seeds m-². It was higher when 4 and 2 g N m-² were applied at active tillering and jointing, respectively (4–2N), than when no N was applied at these stages (0–0N). However, it was not influenced by N application rate at anthesis. Grain protein content was similar at 50 and 150 seeds m-². It was higher in 4–2N than in 0–0N. It was the highest when 6 g N m-² was applied at anthesis, followed by 4, 2, and 0 g N m-². The SPAD value at anthesis was higher at 50 than 150 seeds m-², but leaf area index (LAI) at anthesis was similar at 50 and 150 seeds m-² and protein content of grain was nearly the same at 50 and 150 seeds m-² irrespective of N application rate at anthesis. LAI and the SPAD value were higher in 4–2N than in 0–0N and the protein content of grain was also higher in 4–2N than in 0–0N irrespective of N application rate at anthesis. Therefore, both LAI and the SPAD value may be important traits related to the N application rate at anthesis suitable for yielding wheat grain with a high protein content.     

Nitrogen and Potassium Fertility Impacts on Aggregate Sheath Spot Disease and Yields of Rice

Abstract

Aggregate sheath spot (AgSS), a disease caused by Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae, is one of the major rice (Oryza sativa L.) diseases in California. A three year study was initiated in 1998 to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertility on the severity of AgSS. A field with a history of AgSS was divided in two: in one the straw was incorporated and in the other the straw was removed. Rice was fertilized annually with five rates of N ranging from 0 to 200 kg ha-¹ (main plot) and six rates of K ranging from 0 to 125 kg ha-¹ (sub-plot). Soil K levels in both fields declined over time and by the third year, soil K was below the critical level of 60 μg K g-¹ soil in both fields. There was a grain yield response to K fertilizer in all 3 years in the field where straw was removed and in the third year when straw was incorporated. Where there was a significant response to K fertilization, yields increased by 560 kg ha-¹. In all fields and years there was a significant yield response to N fertilizer. AgSS severity decreased with increasing N and K fertilizer rates and leaf N and K concentrations at panicle initiation. Furthermore, the leaf N concentration required for maximum rice yields was lower than the leaf N concentration which resulted in the lowest severity of AgSS .     

禾草内生固氮菌的研究现状及应用前景

植物内生固氮菌是一类重要的固氮微生物资源,其潜在的可开发利用价值越来越受重视。本文综述了禾草内生固氮菌的研究动态、种质资源多样性、侵染途径、定殖方式、作用机理及发展前景,以期为内生固氮菌的进一步开发探究提供参考。     

Characterization of Influence of Manure Handling System and Feeding on the Level of Ammonia Release Using a Simple Method in Cow Houses

The effects of manure handling system and feeding of dairy cows were studied using a simple method to analyse the level of ammonia release in cow stables. Two ratios based on the balances of ammonia and sensible heat, and ammonia and carbon dioxide, respectively, in animal houses were determined and considered to give characteristic levels of the release of ammonia in relation to the animal density independently of the ventilation rate. This required measurements of ammonia, carbon dioxide and temperature with hand-held instruments in the buildings and in outside air. In total, 34 dairy herds were investigated in the south of Sweden. The results clearly demonstrated higher release of ammonia from free stall barn with liquid manure than from conventional tie stall barn with solid manure. There was a clear effect of the content of crude protein, gram per kg dry matter, in the total feed ration on ammonia release in tie stall barn with liquid manure.     

补奖禁牧平衡对酒泉草原生产力影响监测

为验证国家补奖政策草原禁牧促进生态平衡,酒泉市对9个主要草地类型的典型区域,设置固定样地79个,对草地植物盖度、高度、种数、产草量等四项草地生产力指标进行了定点监测,共获得有效样方150个.通过两年数据对比分析,表明该区域由于禁牧平衡利用,草地降水增多,草原植被得到恢复,草地生产力显著提高,政策效果显现.