不同氮肥管理措施对华北地区夏玉米田增产减排的效果分析

减少因氮肥施用而产生的N_2O对于全球N_2O的减排具有重要作用。本研究利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,对农民习惯施肥(FP)、氮肥条施(ND)、缓控释氮肥(CRF)和一次性分层施肥(LD)4个氮肥管理措施下的华北地区夏玉米农田生态系统N_2O排放进行了观测,并分析不同处理下的N_2O减排效果和减排成本。结果表明,玉米季农田土壤N_2O排放峰值主要出现在施肥并灌溉后,峰值持续时间一般为3~5 d。与FP相比,ND、CRF和LD可以显著降低土壤N_2O的排放峰值,N_2O排放总量减少12.6%~18.9%,三者的减排效果依次为LDCRFND。ND、CRF和LD均有N_2O减排和玉米增产的作用,但由于劳动力成本的提高,仅CRF和LD处理略有增收。与FP相比,三者的单位产量N排放强度和单位净收益N排放强度均有所降低。本试验条件下,每减排1 kg CO_2-eq,CRF可减少成本0.97元,而ND和LD的减排成本分别增加4.83和3.23元。如果生产中使用施肥机械,一次性分层施肥的减排成本可节省2元。综合来看,若无配套施肥机械,施用缓控释肥可被选为夏玉米保产减排且效益最优的氮肥管理措施;反之,也可选用一次性分层施肥。     

Greenhouse gas production and emission from a forest nursery soil following fumigation with chloropicrin and methyl isothiocyanate

Soil fumigation is commonly used to control soil-borne pathogens and weeds. Our aim was to examine the effects of soil fumigation with chloropicrin (CP) and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) on CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ production and emission. These effects on a SE USA forest nursery soil were examined in field and laboratory experiments. Following field fumigation, CH₄ surface emissions and concentrations in the soil atmosphere were unaffected. Both fumigants increased N₂O emissions rates significantly compared to non-fumigated controls, and the effects were still evident after 48 d. These findings are in contrast to fertilizer-induced N₂O emissions, which generally return to background within 2 wk after application. Depths of N₂O production were different for the two fumigants as determined by soil gas sampling, suggesting fumigant-specific stimulation mechanisms. CO₂ emissions (0-15 d) were not altered significantly, although sub-surface CO₂ concentrations did increase following fumigation with CP or MITC and remained elevated for CP treatment on d 48. CP-induced N₂O production was also stimulated in aerobic laboratory incubation studies, with surface soils exhibiting 10 to 100-fold greater production rates. MITC and a combination of CP/MITC also stimulated N₂O production, but the effect was significantly less than for CP alone. MITC suppressed and CP did not effect CO₂ production in the laboratory incubation. By comparing sterilized to non-sterile soils, >95% of these effects appear to be of biotic origin.     

一氧化氮熏蒸抑制干制灰枣黑曲霉病及贮藏品质保持

黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger, A. niger)是引起干制灰枣贮期腐烂的主要病原菌之一,本文以新疆灰枣为试材,开展了一氧化氮(NO)气体熏蒸对灰枣贮藏过程中黑曲霉病发生的抑制作用及贮藏品质影响的研究。在室温贮藏条件下,分析了不同浓度NO熏蒸对黑曲霉(A. niger)及灰枣黑曲霉病的抑制作用;探讨了NO对灰枣自然病虫害和品质参数的影响。结果表明NO熏蒸可以显著抑制A.niger的生长,降低了A.niger对果实侵染引起黑曲霉病的严重程度,病害抑制作用与熏蒸浓度呈正相关。浓度为600μL/L的NO熏蒸能完全抑制A. niger的生长和黑曲霉病害的发生,抑制率均为100%;灰枣贮藏50 d后,失质量率、霉变率、虫蛀率、褐变程度和表面菌落总数显著低于对照处理(P0.05),分别降低了0.484%、1.73%、3.40%、0.138和1.22 lg(CFU/g);NO延缓了灰枣果实含水率、可溶性固形物、还原糖、可滴定酸和维生素C含量的下降,可以较好保持干制灰枣果实的外观和营养品质。该研究为NO气体熏蒸技术在干制果品贮藏期病害防控方面提供了新的研究思路。     

生物炭对土壤可持续健康的影响：探索和热点综述

Biochar as a soil amendment is confronted with the challenge that it must benefit soil health as it can be by no means separated from soils once it is added. The available literature even though sparse and mostly based on short-term studies has been encouraging and the trend obtained so far has raised many hopes. Biochar has been reported to positively impact an array of soil processes ranging from benefiting soil biology, controlling soil-borne pathogens, enhancing nitrogen fixation, improving soil physical and chemical properties, decreasing nitrate (NO₃^-) leaching and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission to remediation of contaminated soils. However, very little biochar is still utilized as soil amendment mainly because these benefits are yet to be quantified, and also the mechanisms by which the soil health is improved are poorly understood. Due to the infancy of research regarding this subject, there are still more questions than answers. The future research efforts must focus on carrying out long-term experiments and uncover the mechanisms underlying these processes so that key concerns surrounding the use of biochar are addressed before its large scale application is recommended.     

闽江河口养虾塘沉积物氧化亚氮产生及影响因素研究

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是一种重要的痕量温室气体,对全球气温升高和酸雨形成起着重要作用,并对臭氧层造成严重损害。水产养殖是N_2O的潜在释放源,该研究以中国东南沿海的闽江河口湿地围垦养虾塘为研究对象,采用过程抑制法,通过室内培养试验区分N_2O不同产生过程及其对沉积物N_2O总产生速率的贡献,在此基础上分析沉积物理化性质对N_2O产生的影响。结果表明:养虾塘沉积物N_2O总产生速率在养殖初期、中期和末期的均值分别为1.80、5.95和8.70 nmol/(kg·h),其中硝化作用、反硝化作用、硝化细菌反硝化作用和非生物作用的贡献率均值分别为-162.04%、327.52%、-239.45%和90.27%,从而得出结论:反硝化作用和非生物作用是产生沉积物N_2O的主要来源,硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用则对沉积物N_2O的产生有所削弱;养虾塘沉积物N_2O总产生速率在高温低盐条件下最大,在低温高盐条件下出现最小值,总体呈现随着温度升高而增加,随着盐度升高而降低的趋势;相关分析表明N_2O总产生速率与总碳(total carbon,TC)、土壤有机碳(soil organiccarbon,SOC)、NH4+-N含量和C∶N比均呈显著正相关关系,而在其不同产生过程中仅有非生物过程受到TC、SOC含量的显著影响。     

Formation of hybrid N2O in a suspended soil due to co‐denitrification of NH2OH

A few studies have shown that amine compounds (e.g., hydroxylamine) can be co‐metabolically introduced into the reaction pathway of denitrification. During this microbial process, the N atom of the amine species is bound to a N atom of nitrite. In case of hydroxylamine, this concomitant reaction ultimately results in the formation of hybrid N₂O. Due to its co‐metabolic character the process has been termed co‐denitrification. Hybrid N₂O production during co‐denitrification has been proven to occur in prokaryotic (e.g., Pseudomonas sp.) as well as eukaryotic (e.g., Fusarium sp.) species. Many of them are already well‐known as common denitrifiers. However, until now no clear evidence has been provided to show that N₂O production by co‐denitrification really takes place in a soil. In the present study, a formation of hybrid N₂O was revealed by an adapted ¹⁵N‐tracer model, when both hydroxylamine and ¹⁵N‐nitrate were applied (mol ratio 10:1) to an anaerobically incubated soil suspension from a Haplic Chernozem. The presence of hybrid N₂O was also indicated by a novel characteristic factor (R_binom) developed for a hybrid‐N‐N‐gas detection. By contrast, no hybrid N₂O was found when either an autoclaved soil suspension, only nitrate or only hydroxylamine was used. Thus, it appears that hybrid‐N₂O formation occurred due to co‐denitrification of hydroxylamine. Hence, this is the first study which demonstrates hybrid‐N₂O production by co‐denitrification beyond a microbial species level. The ¹⁵N‐tracer model revealed that under the given experimental conditions N₂O production by co‐denitrification prevailed against N₂O from denitrification and abiotic hydroxylamine decomposition. In addition, a formation of hybrid N₂ was also calculated by the model. However, the experimental results lead to the conclusion that it was most likely caused by a reduction of hybrid N₂O due to conventional denitrification.     

Effect of wax-coated calcium carbide and nitrapyrin on nitrogen loss and methane emission from dry-seeded flooded rice

Summary The effectiveness of wax-coated calcium carbide (as a slow-release source of acetylene) and nitrapyrin in inhibiting nitrification and emission of the greenhouse gases N₂O and CH₄ was evaluated in a microplot study with dry-seeded flooded rice grown on a grey clay near Griffith, NSW, Australia. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of N levels with nitrification inhibitors (control, wax-coated calcium carbide, and nitrapyrin). The rate of nitrification was slowed considerably by the addition of wax-coated calcium carbide, but it was inhibited only slightly by the addition of nitrapyrin. As a result, the emission of N₂O was markedly reduced by the application of wax-coated calcium carbide, whereas there was no significant difference in rates of N₂O emission between the control and nitrapyrin treatments. Both nitrification inhibitors significantly reduced CH₄ emission, but the lowest emission rates were observed in the wax-coated calcium carbide treatment. At the end of the experiment 84% of the applied N was recovered from the wax-coated calcium carbide treatment compared with 43% for the nitrapyrin and control treatments.     

Sorptive interaction between goethite and strongly reducing organic substances from anaerobic decomposition of green manures

Strongly reducing organic substances (SROS) and iron oxides exist widely in soils and sediments and have been implicated in many soil and sediment processes. In the present work, the sorptive interaction between goethite and SROS derived from anaerobic decomposition of green manures was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Both green manures, Astragalus sinicus (Astragalus) and Vicia varia (Vicia) were chosen to be anaerobically decomposed by the mixed microorganisms isolated from paddy soils for 30 d to prepare different SROS. Goethite used in experiments was synthesized in laboratory. The anaerobic incubation solutions from green manures at different incubation time were arranged to react with goethite, in which SROS concentration and Fe(II) species were analyzed. The anaerobic decomposition of Astragalus generally produced SROS more in amount but weaker in reducibility than that of Vicia in the same incubation time. The available SROS from Astragalus that could interact with goethite was 0.69 ± 0.04, 0.84 ± 0.04 and 1.09 ± 0.03 cmol kg⁻¹ as incubated for 10, 15 and 30 d, respectively, for Vicia, it was 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.46 ± 0.02 and 0.70 ± 0.02 cmol kg⁻¹. One of the fates of SROS as they interacted with goethite was oxidation. The amounts of oxidizable SROS from Astragalus decreased over increasing incubation time from 0.51 ± 0.05 cmol kg⁻¹ at day 10 to 0.39 ± 0.04 cmol kg⁻¹ at day 30, but for Vicia, it increased with the highest reaching to 0.58 ± 0.04 cmol kg⁻¹ at day 30. Another fate of these substances was sorption by goethite. The SROS from Astragalus were sorbed more readily than those from Vicia, and closely depended upon the incubation time, whereas for those from Vicia, the corresponding values were remarkably less and apparently unchangeable with incubation time. The extent of goethite dissolution induced by the anaerobic solution from Vicia was greater than that from Astragalus, showing its higher reactivity.     

生物炭施用下中国农田土壤N2O排放的Meta分析

为明确施加生物炭对中国农田土壤N_2O排放的影响和主要控制因素,以公开发表的试验数据为研究对象,采用Meta-analysis法定量分析了施加生物炭条件下,气候、土壤性质、田间管理方式、生物炭性质与施加量对土壤N_2O排放的影响,并对各影响因素进行通径分析。结果表明,当年降雨量≥600 mm时,生物炭显著降低土壤N_2O排放量(P0.05),且随年降雨量的增加而增强;当年日照时数大于1 000 h时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随年日照时数的增加而减弱。当土壤p H≥6.5时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随土壤p H的增加呈先增后减趋势;在壤土中施加生物炭对N_2O的减排效果显著(P0.05),而砂土和黏土不显著(P0.05)。生物炭对覆膜土壤N_2O的减排效果优于不覆膜土壤;生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施氮肥量增加而减弱,而随生物炭比表面积的增加而增强。当生物炭C/N处于30~500时,生物炭施用下土壤N_2O排放量显著降低(P0.05);当生物炭施加量处于20~160 t×hm-2时,生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果随施加量增加而增强。生物炭对土壤N_2O减排的影响存在显著的区域性特征,对华南、华东、华中和东北地区影响显著(P0.05),而对西北地区不显著(P0.05);施氮肥量、生物炭施加量、年均温和年降雨量是影响生物炭减排效果的最主要因素,这些因素的相互作用共同影响生物炭对土壤N_2O的减排效果。该研究可为生物炭在我国农区的推广应用和农田N_2O减排提供参考。     

Gelam honey inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia in rats through the induction of heme oxygenase-1 and the inhibition of cytokines, nitric oxide, and high-mobility group protein B1

Malaysian Gelam honey has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, a high antioxidant capacity, and free radical-scavenging activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates immune cells to sequentially release early pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and induces the synthesis of several related enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the intravenous injection of honey in rats with LPS-induced endotoxemia. The results showed that after 4h of treatment, honey reduced cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins 1β, and 10) and NO levels and increased heme oxygenase-1 levels. After 24h, a decrease in cytokines and NO and an increase in HO-1 were seen in all groups, whereas a reduction in HMGB1 occurred only in the honey-treated groups. These results support the further examination of honey as a natural compound for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory diseases.