内蒙古呼和浩特市家畜温室气体排放量估算

采用2006年IPCC 国家温室气体清单指南、低碳发展及省级温室气体清单编制培训教材提供的方法,对内蒙古呼和浩特市2007～2011年各地区家畜的甲烷及氧化亚氮排放量进行估算,同时为该地区在养殖业中如何合理安排减排技术,有效控制其温室气体的排放量提供理论依据。结果表明,呼和浩特市2007～2011年家畜温室气体平均排放总量为62639．42 t ,其中,甲烷排放量为61019．04 t ,占排放总量的97．41％,而且以肠道发酵甲烷贡献率最大,达到88．72％;氧化亚氮为1620．38 t。占排放总量的2．59％。温室气体贡献率前三位的地区是土左旗、和林县、赛罕区。甲烷与氧化亚氮的排放总量分别为19048．15 t、12973．55 t、11446．11 t ,各占全市温室气体排放总量的30．41％、20．71％、18．27％。甲烷与氧化亚氮的排放量前五位的家畜分别是奶牛、绵羊、肉牛、山羊、猪,排放量分别为45139．58 t、9679．47 t、2695．01 t 、2656．65 t、1741．20 t ,占全市温室气体排放总量的72．06％、15．45％、4．30％、4．24％、2．78％。     

一氧化氮处理对冬枣贮藏期间乙醇代谢及相关品质的影响

 【目的】研究NO处理对冬枣贮藏期间乙醇代谢及相关品质的影响，探讨NO对冬枣褐变软化的作用机理,为NO应用于冬枣的贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。【方法】用0、10、20、30 µl•L-1 NO气体熏蒸4 h白熟期冬枣，研究了冬枣室温[（22±1）℃]贮藏和冷藏[（4±1）℃]期间外观品质变化的相关参数，丙酮酸、乙醇、乙醛等含量以及乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性的变化。【结果】20 µl•L-1 NO处理明显地减少了果实中乙醇、乙醛和丙酮酸的含量，且延缓了丙酮酸含量高峰的出现；显著抑制了乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性。30 µl•L-1 NO处理促进了冬枣果实在室温或冷藏期间的酒化软化。【结论】20 µl•L-1 NO处理可以减少乙醇积累对冬枣的毒害，有效抑制了冬枣果实贮藏期间的褐变软化。     

生物炭对土壤可持续健康的影响：探索和热点综述

Biochar as a soil amendment is confronted with the challenge that it must benefit soil health as it can be by no means separated from soils once it is added. The available literature even though sparse and mostly based on short-term studies has been encouraging and the trend obtained so far has raised many hopes. Biochar has been reported to positively impact an array of soil processes ranging from benefiting soil biology, controlling soil-borne pathogens, enhancing nitrogen fixation, improving soil physical and chemical properties, decreasing nitrate (NO₃^-) leaching and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission to remediation of contaminated soils. However, very little biochar is still utilized as soil amendment mainly because these benefits are yet to be quantified, and also the mechanisms by which the soil health is improved are poorly understood. Due to the infancy of research regarding this subject, there are still more questions than answers. The future research efforts must focus on carrying out long-term experiments and uncover the mechanisms underlying these processes so that key concerns surrounding the use of biochar are addressed before its large scale application is recommended.     

Properties of polyacrylonitrile/single wall carbon nanotube composite films prepared in nitric acid

Nanocomposite films were prepared by casting the solution of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and single wall nanotube (SWNT) in nitric acid subsequent to sonication. Even though SWNT shows good dispersion visually, the reinforcing effect was not satisfactory. The G-band Raman spectra of the drawn film clearly demonstrated that SWNTs in the film are well-oriented along the drawing axis of the film. The electrical resistivity of the film prepared using nitric acid was lower than that of the film using DMF. Thus, nitric acid is presumably more effective in dispersing nanotubes than DMF.     

外源NO对采后芒果果实低温胁迫后H2O2代谢的影响

一氧化氮（NO）是植物体内重要的信号分子。为了探讨NO对采后芒果低温胁迫后果实过氧化氢（H2O2）及抗氧化酶的影响,分别采用0.08 mmol/L NO供体SNP溶液和30 μL/L NO气体处理采后青芒果果实,并于3℃低温贮藏12 d后,检测芒果果皮和果肉中H2O2含量和相关抗氧化酶的活性。结果表明,外源NO浸泡处理能显著降低低温胁迫后芒果果皮中H2O2水平,提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,其中NO对CAT活性的影响最大,可能是外源NO处理调控H2O2水平的关键作用点。NO供体SNP处理效果优于NO气体处理,主要作用部位为芒果果皮。     

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins induce apoptosis in porcine alveolar macrophage via increasing nitric oxide production,oxidative stress,and caspase-3 activation

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the primary etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia in swine. Lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMP) of mycoplasma are the main pathogenicity factors in mycoplasma diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of M. hyopneumoniae LAMP on porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) 3D4/21 cell line. Apoptotic features, such as chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies, were observed in LAMP-treated PAM 3D4/21 cells. Moreover, LAMP significantly increased the number of TUNEL positive apoptotic cells in PAM 3D4/21 cells compared with the untreated control. In addition, flow cytometric analysis using dual staining with annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) showed that LAMP of M. hyopneumoniae induced a time-dependent apoptosis in PAM 3D4/21 cells. Moreover, increased levels of superoxide anion production and activated caspase-3 in PAM 3D4/21 cells were observed after exposure to LAMP. Increased production of nitric oxide (NO) was also confirmed in the cell supernatants. Besides, apoptotic rates increase and caspase-3 activation were suppressed by NOS inhibitor or antioxidant. It is suggested that LAMP of M. hyopneumoniae induced apoptosis in porcine alveolar macrophage via NO production, superoxide anion production, and caspase-3 activation.     

The influence of Cortisol excess on kidney function in the dog

Summary

The effects of Cortisol excess on kidney function were studied in 8 normal conscious dogs. Cortisol was given orally until polyuria developed. Cortisol excess decreased urine osmolality (from 897 ± 76 to 186 ± 36 mosm. Kg^‐1) and increased urine production (from 0.7 ± 0.1 to 9.3 ± 2.4 ml kg^‐1 h^‐1).

The glomerular filtration rate increased by 23 ± 9 per cent. Sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma were decreased. 66 Per cent of the increase in urine production was due to the increase in free water clearance and 34 per cent to the increased urea excretion. Cortisol excess apparently caused polyuria by inhibition of the action of ADH in the collecting duct, resulting in a decreased water and urea reabsorption.

The decreased urea reabsorption possibly causes a smaller urea recirculation in the renal medulla and hence a decrease in concentrating capacity.     

Distribution and accumulation of Cy5.5-labeled thermally cross-linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the tissues of ICR mice

Free Cy5.5 dye and Cy5.5-labeled thermally cross-linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (TCL-SPION) have been routinely used for in vivo optical imaging. However, there is little information about the distribution and accumulation of free Cy5.5 dye and Cy5.5-labeled TCL-SPION in the tissues of mice. Free Cy5.5 dye (0.1 mg/kg body weight) and Cy5.5-labeled TCL-SPION (15 mg/kg body weight) were intravenously injected into the tail vein of ICR mice. The biodistribution and accumulation of the TCL-SPION and Cy5.5 were observed by ex vivo optical imaging and fluorescence signal generation at various time points over 28 days. Cy5.5 dye fluorescence in various organs was rapidly eliminated from 0.5 to 24 h post-injection. Fluorescence intensity of Cy5.5 dye in the liver, lung, kidney, and stomach was fairly strong at the early time points within 1 day post-injection. Cy5.5-labeled TCL-SPION had the highest fluorescence density in the lung at 0.5 h post-injection and decreased rapidly over time. Fluorescence density in liver and spleen was maintained over 28 days. These results suggest that TCL-SPION can be useful as a carrier of therapeutic reagents to treat diseases by persisting for long periods of time in the body.     

NO和ABA对自毒作用下辣椒幼苗光合作用的影响

【目的】探讨外源NO供体硝普钠（SNP）和ABA提高自毒作用下辣椒抗逆能力的内在机制。【方法】以甘肃省设施主栽辣椒品种‘陇椒2号’为材料,用连作3年辣椒的土壤和基质浸提液处理辣椒幼苗,研究喷施外源SNP（150 μmol•L-1）和ABA（100 μmol•L-1）对自毒作用下辣椒幼苗的叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及叶绿素含量的影响。【结果】土壤和基质浸提液均导致辣椒幼苗叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、光系统Ⅱ电子传递量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、叶绿素含量以及叶绿素a/b显著下降,而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）显著上升。外源NO处理显著提高辣椒幼苗叶片的Pn、Gs、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP和叶绿素含量,降低Ci和NPQ,对Tr无显著影响;外源ABA处理显著提高辣椒幼苗叶片的Pn、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP和叶绿素含量,降低Ci和NPQ,对Gs和 Tr无显著影响。【结论】自毒作用导致辣椒光合速率下降的主要原因是非气孔因素,土壤浸提液处理对辣椒的自毒作用比基质浸提液处理的严重;外源NO和ABA通过提高自毒作用下辣椒叶绿素含量,维持较高的光系统Ⅱ活性和光合能力,增强辣椒的抗逆性。     

Intake and ruminal digestion determined using omasal and reticular digesta samples in cattle fed diets containing sugar cane in natura or ensiled sugar cane compared with maize silage

Sugar cane is widely used in an in natura forage in tropical countries, but the adoption of silage methods facilitates the preservation of its nutritional value and improves the logistics of its use. To explain differences in performance using alternative forages, it is important to conduct studies that evaluate the various digestion sites for the nutrients provided in diets. However, considering that the collection of omasal digesta is quite laborious and requires the use of a vacuum pump, reticular sampling has been suggested as a promising alternative. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and ruminal digestibility obtained from samples of digesta collected in the reticulum and omasum of cattle fed different diets. Five rumen-fistulated crossbred cattle with an average initial live weight of 336±16.6 kg were used, being distributed in a 5×5 Latin square design. Five diets were evaluated, which contained 60% forage and 40% concentrate on dry matter basis using different forages: maize silage (CS); sugar cane in natura (SCIN); sugar cane silage (SCS0%); sugar cane silage treated with 0.4% calcium oxide (SCS0.4%) or 0.8% calcium oxide (SCS0.8%) on wet basis. The percentage of crude protein (CP) in all of the forages was corrected to 11% based on dry matter (DM) using a mixture of urea/ammonium sulfate (9:1). Six collections of reticular and omasal digesta were obtained over three days at 12 h intervals. To calculate the flow of reticular and omasal nutrients, a double marker system was employed, using cobalt–EDTA and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) as markers. The reticular and omasal digesta were similar (P>0.05) to estimate ruminal digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). However, the ruminal digestibility of ether extract (EE) and the intestinal digestibility of CP and EE differed (P<0.05) between sampling sites. The results indicate that the omasal digesta is more suitable than the reticular digesta for measuring the ruminal digestion of diet components.