水稻氮钾吸收的交互作用研究

氮和钾都是水稻生长的大量必须营养元素,在水稻的生长发育过程中起着不可替代的作用。水稻对氮、钾的吸收存在着一定的交互作用。本文在综述水稻氮、钾吸收的机理上,探讨了氮素对水稻钾素吸收的影响,以及钾素对水稻氮素吸收的影响。     

不同氮效率小麦品种临界氮浓度模型与营养诊断研究

为探讨不同氮效率小麦品种临界氮浓度模型的差异和开展小麦氮素营养诊断研究,基于两年大田试验,以不同氮效率小麦品种周麦27(高氮高效)、豫麦49-198(低氮高效)和矮抗58(低氮低效)为研究对象,系统分析了不同氮效率小麦品种地上部生物量、地上部氮含量和氮素营养指数的变化规律。结果表明,不同氮效率小麦品种地上部生物量和地上部氮含量均随施氮量的增加而增加,临界氮浓度(N_C)与地上部最大干物质(DM)均呈幂函数关系(N_C=aDM~(-b)),且氮高效型品种模型的两个参数(a和b)值均大于氮低效型品种。经检验,模型的标准化均方根误差分别为13.87%(周麦27)、7.7%(豫麦49-198)和13.02%(矮抗58),通过临界氮浓度模型所建立的氮素营养指数推荐的麦田施肥量均在120~225kg·hm~(-2)范围,其中周麦27和豫麦49-198的推荐施肥量分别为225和120kg·hm~(-2),矮抗58的推荐施肥量介于二者之间。     

土壤氮素内循环对生态覆被变化响应的研究进展

随着人口增长对粮食需求的不断提高,人类对自然生态系统扰动频繁,生态覆被/土地利用变化伴随着土壤活性氮库、氮形态组分及氮素内循环过程的改变,直接影响生态系统的持续与稳定,进而引起全球气候变暖,生物多样性减少等诸多生态环境问题。生态覆被/土地利用变化是全球生态系统变化的重要内容。本综述探讨了活性氮的基本概念及其引发的环境效应,国内外自然生态系统中森林与草地间转换、自然生态系统开垦为农田、弃耕撂荒或退耕还林还草、城市化发展等生态覆被/土地利用变化对土壤氮库消长、氮矿化产物形态变化以及影响氮循环的关键土壤微生物影响等,并探讨了制约氮循环的土壤微生物研究进展。指出农业开垦或农田弃耕撂荒会导致土壤全氮大幅度下降,同时引起土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)增加,造成环境活性氮增加的风险;退耕还林修复生态覆被过程中氮库完全恢复需要漫长的时间;运用现代微生物分子生态学的前沿技术是研究土壤氮循环对生态覆被/土地利用变化响应机理的关键。本综述为自然生态系统的保护与开发利用、退化生态系统的修复与重建以及人工生态系统的科学规划等提供了理论依据。     

两个氮素利用率不同的水稻品种根系形态及生理特性的差异

The variation in nitrogen (N) uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low (1 mmol N L^-1) and high (5 mmol N L^-1) N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-61% greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.     

N·K营养与N·K平衡对烤烟野火病发生的影响

研究了云南中部地区烤烟中部叶片旺长后期(移栽后70～75 d)N、K营养及N、K平衡对田间烤烟野火病发生的影响.结果表明:N含量高时(N＞4%),病害发生严重,但发病严重程度取决于K的含量,K素过高和过低都增加了烤烟的感病率;K含量过低(K＜2%),会降低烤烟的抗病性;烟叶N/K比失调,会影响烟株的生长发育,使烤烟对病害的抵抗能力降低.     

立方尖晶石C3N4硬度的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,在广义梯度近似和局域密度近似下,计算了立方尖晶石C3N4的体变模量,切变模量和维氏硬度。结果表明：维氏硬度相对于体变模量和切变模量能更好地描述立方尖晶石C3N4的硬度,C3N4的维氏硬度约为72GPa,且有较高的电子密度,较短的键长和较大的共价性。     

土壤剖面不同层次标记硝态氮的运移及其后效

 【目的】以北方半干旱湿润区潮土为对象，探讨土壤剖面不同层次硝态氮（NO-3-N）的运移及其后效。【方法】采用外源标记微注射法，设置田间微区试验。【结果】在试验水氮管理条件下，15、45、75 cm 3个标记处理分别向下迁移了65、35、25 cm，但均未移出作物根区（1 m）。播后至冬前3个标记处理100 cm处土壤溶液NO-3-N浓度变动较小，生长后期小麦15、45 cm标记处理出现上升，而菠菜则有所降低，两种作物的75 cm标记处理在整个生长季持续上升，说明作物对75 cm标记硝态氮利用程度较低。夏玉米对前茬标记氮的利用率为2.1%～5.6%，其中以标记45 cm土层处理残效最高；15 cm和45 cm 2个标记深度前茬小麦京411显著高于前茬小麦小偃54。【结论】土壤剖面不同层次累积硝态氮在作物生长季内未发生强烈的淋洗，但表现出上层标记硝态氮移动距离长，下层移动距离短的规律；100 cm处土壤溶液NO-3-N浓度的动态变化可在一定程度上反映作物根区内氮素利用的状况；后茬作物对标记于土壤剖面不同深度的硝态氮的利用是很有限的，与前茬作物吸收、土壤剖面硝态氮的运移及残留密切相关。     

Effects of Nitrogen Forms on Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation in Tomato Seedling

Utilization of organic nitrogen （N） is an important aspect of plant N assimilation and has potential application in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the plant growth, C and N accumulation in leaves and roots of tomato seedlings in response to inorganic （NH4^＋-N, NO3^-N） and organic nitrogen （Gly-N）. Different forms of nitrogen （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N, Gly-N） were supplied to two tomato cultivars （Shenfen 918 and Huying 932） using a hydroponics system. The plant dry biomass, chlorophyll content, root activity, total carbon and nitrogen content in roots and leaves, and total N absorption, etc. were assayed during the cultivation. Our results showed that no significant differences in plant height, dry biomass, and total N content were found within the first 16 d among three treatments; however, significant differences in treatments on 24 d and 32 d were observed, and the order was NO3^--N 〉 Gly-N 〉 NH4^＋-N. Significant differences were also observed between the two tomato cultivars. Chlorophyll contents in the two cultivars were significantly increased by the Gly-N treatment, and root activity showed a significant decrease in NHa^＋-N treatment. Tomato leaf total carbon content was slightly affected by different N forms; however, total carbon in root and total nitrogen in root and leaf were promoted significantly by inorganic and organic N. Among the applied N forms, the increasing effects of the NH4^＋-N treatment were larger than that of the Gly-N. In a word, different N resources resulted in different physiological effects in tomatoes. Organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） can be a proper resource of plant N nutrition. Tomatoes of different genotypes had different responses under organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） supplies.     

数字图像技术在草莓氮素营养诊断中的应用研究

为了探讨利用数字图像处理技术进行草莓氮素营养诊断的可行性,通过6个水平的氮肥田间试验,采用数码相机获取草莓冠层图像,分析了不同供氮水平下草莓冠层图像色彩参数与施氮量、土壤无机氮和植株氮素营养指标之间的关系.研究表明:数字图像技术应用于监测草莓的氮素供应状况是可行的.其中,不同氮素处理下G/B值与G/(R+G+B)值的决定系数较高,G/(R+G+B)值与土壤无机氮、叶片硝酸盐及植株全氮之间的决定系数最高,利用G/(R+G+B)值的范围得出草莓开花期与结果期的氮肥推荐用量,从而反馈草莓氮素营养状况,进行氮素营养诊断.