蔗渣堆沤过程的变化特征与“有效C／N比值”的应用研究

本研究测定不同堆沤时限蔗渣（新鲜和堆沤３，６，９及１２个月蔗渣）的理化性质，详细探讨蔗渣堆沤后的变化特征；并用分离的各蔗渣组分和多种纯无氮有机物来调节沙培系统的Ｃ／Ｎ比值，进行微生物夺取速效氮强度的模拟试验，查明了蔗渣中各组分和多种纯无氮有机物对微生物的有效性，确定蔗糖，淀粉，半纤维素和纤维素是微生物有效（速效）的碳源，而木质素是无产（迟效）的碳源。从而提出以“有效Ｃ／Ｎ比值”代替以往人们常用的“     

A Preliminary Study on Dynamics and Models of N, P, K Absorption for High-Yield Cotton

The field experiments were carried out to investigate the dynamics and models of N, P and K ab-sorption for the cotton plants with a lint of 3 000 kg ha-1 in Xinjiang. The main results were as follows: Thecontents of N, P2O5, K2O in cotton leaves, stems, squares and bolls decreased obviously with the time over thewhole growth duration and the falling extent was greater in high-yield cotton than in CK. Contents of N inleaves, squares and bolls, in particular in the leaves of fruit-bearing shoot was higher in high-yield cotton thanin CK. Contents of P2O5 in squares and bolls and that of K2O in stems were higher in high-yield cotton than inCK during the whole growing period. The accumulations of N, P2O5 and K2O in the cotton plants could be de-scribed with a logistic curve equation. There was the fastest nutrient uptake at about 90 d for N, 92 d for P2O5and 85 d for K2O after emergence, respectively. Total nutrient accumulation of N, P2 O5 and K2O was 385.8,244.7 and 340.3 kg ha-1 , respectively. Approximately 12.5 kg N, 8.0 kg P2O5 and 11.1 kg K2O were neededfor producing 100 kg lint with the leaves and stems under the super high yield condition of 3 000 kg ha-1 inXinjiang.     

Study on Nitrogen Distribution in Leaf, Stem and Sheath at Different Layers in Winter Wheat Canopy and Their Influence on Grain Quality

Vertical distribution of nitrogen in wheat canopy, nitrogen remobilization and their influence on grain quality of winter wheat were studied. Two winter wheat cultivars, Jingdong8, a common cultivar, and Zhongyou9507, a high quality cultivar, were selected. Leaf nitrogen showed an obvious decreasing trend from the canopy top to the ground surface for all treatments in growth duration. There was no apparent vertical nitrogen gradient in stem and sheath of Zhongyou9507 compared with Jingdong8. Zhongyou9507 had more nitrogen remobilization from leaf, stem and sheath than Jingdong8 from middle grain filling to waxening, especially the nitrogen remobilization amount in stem and sheath, which was higher than that in Jingdong8 during growth duration. Higher vertical nitrogen gradients in Jingdong8 at anthesis had disadvantages on its grain quality. But higher vertical nitrogen gradients between middle and lower layers of Jingdong8 at grain filling stage enhanced its grain quality. Higher vertical nitrogen gradients in upper layer at anthesis and upper layer leaf and middle layer stem and sheath at grain filling stage had advantages on protein accumulation in grain of Zhongyou9507. There were positive correlations between foliar nitrogen remobilization amount and grain quality at later growth stage for the two cultivars. There was a positive correlation between quality of Jingdong8 and stem and sheath nitrogen remobilization amount from anthesis to early grain filling, and that of Zhongyou9507 emerged from anthesis to early grain filling and from middle grain filling to waxening. Contribution of leaf nitrogen to the quality of Jingdong8 was larger than nitrogen from stem and sheath. High protein content of Zhongyou9507 was attributed to the nitrogen condition in its leaf, stem and sheath. Nitrogen in stem and sheath played a more important role on the grain quality of Zhongyou9507 than on that of Jingdong8.     

鸡羽毛氮素释放规律及肥效研究

本文通过室内好气培养试验和盆栽试验,研究了不同细度、不同用量鸡羽毛在不同土壤上的无机氮释放规律及肥效。试验结果表明,好气培养2～3周内,羽毛无机氮释放速率和释放量均较高,羽毛中有15%～70%的氮以无机氮的形式释入出来。2～3周以后,羽毛无机氮的释放速率和释放量则显著下降。羽毛的细度、用量及土壤类型对羽毛无机氮的释放有显著的影响。在施氮量相同的情况下,施用羽毛和施用化肥对盆栽油菜可以起到相同的增产效果。     

长期施用不同有机肥对土壤各粒级复合体中C、N、P含量与分配的影响

 通过田间试验研究了长期定位施用不同有机肥种类对土壤各粒级复合体组成及其中C、N、P含量与分配的影响。结果表明 ,经过 1 4年 2 9茬连续施肥 ,土壤的复合体组成较对照发生了改变 ,0～ 2 μm粒级的含量减少 ,2～ 1 0 μm粒径颗粒所占的比重增加 ,其它粒级变化较小。不同粒级复合体中有机碳、全氮及全磷含量的高低顺序为 :<2μm>2～ 1 0μm>50～ 1 0 0μm >1 0～50 μm,尽管 1 0～ 50 μm粒级有机碳、全氮与全磷的含量都最低 ,但因该粒级占土壤固相的比重最多 ,因此该粒级中 C、N、P对土壤肥力的贡献较大。长期连续施肥后土壤及不同粒级中 C、N、P的含量都增加 ,但不同元素在不同粒级中的增幅因肥料种类而异。从分配系数上看 ,长期施入土壤的N、P肥主要进入 2～ 1 0 μm粒级的颗粒中 ,说明该粒级对土壤养分的循环、转化和保存起重要作用     

杂交早稻吸氮特性与产量形成的初步研究

研究了在不同施氮水平下,杂交早稻吸氮特性及其与产量形成的关系。结果表明;杂交早稻威优49亩产500千克左右,植株每亩总吸氮量平均为9.78千克,其中土壤供氮量占52.45%。杂交早稻一生中前期吸氮量占50.72%,中期占31.08%,后期占18.30%,以中期施氮对叶片含氮率影响最大。在高氮水平下,中期施氮导致茎鞘醣含量急剧下降。抽穗前植株吸氮量与每亩发育颖花数呈极显著正相关,但结实率受每朵颖花占有抽穗前醣量的影响。最适 LAI 为6.5～7.5。     

峨眉山常绿阔叶林常绿和落叶物种叶片C、N、P研究

采用常规方法对峨眉山常绿阔叶林的常绿和落叶物种植物C、N、P含量及其之间的相互关系进行了研究,结果表明:①峨眉山常绿阔叶林常绿物种叶片C、N、P平均含量分别为42.30%、1.46%、0.10%;落叶物种叶片C、N、P平均含量分别为41.078%、1.59%和 0.12%.常绿和落叶物种植物叶片N-P成极显著的乘幂关系,而C-N和C-P关系不显著;②峨眉山地区常绿阔叶林常绿物种叶片N/P比平均值为14.48,落叶物种的N/P比平均值为13.61,其对生态环境的适应性较低;③在峨眉山海拔700、1 100和1 500 m处,植物叶片N-P亦成显著的关系,而植物叶片C-N和C-P关系不显著.     

基于SPAD值的大白菜氮素营养诊断和推荐施肥模型研究

以大白菜卵圆型品种"锦抗1号"和直筒型品种"乡情80"为试材,在6个氮肥水平下,研究了叶片SPAD值与氮素营养诊断指标、施氮量的关系以及施氮量对产量的影响。结果表明:在大白菜莲座期和结球期,2个品种的叶片SPAD值与氮素营养诊断指标及施氮量有很好的相关性;2个生育期"锦抗1号"的临界SPAD值分别为40.45、42.45,"乡情80"的临界SPAD值分别为38.57、40.36;建立了基于叶片SPAD值的大白菜氮肥推荐施肥模型。综上所述,大白菜叶片SPAD值可以作为氮素营养诊断指标,并能推荐氮肥的施用。     

Transgenic sorghum with suppressed synthesis of kafirin subclasses: Effects on flour and dough rheological characteristics

Arising from work showing that conventionally bred high protein digestibility sorghum types have improved flour and dough functionality, the flour and dough properties of transgenic biofortified sorghum lines with increased protein digestibility and high lysine content (TG-HD) resulting from suppressed synthesis of several kafirin subclasses, especially the cysteine-rich γ-kafirin, were studied. TG-HD sorghums had higher flour water solubility at 30 °C (p < 0.05) and much higher paste viscosity (41% higher) than their null controls (NC). TG-HD doughs were twice as strong as their NC and dynamic rheological analysis indicated that the TG doughs were somewhat more elastic up to 90 °C. CLSM of doughs and pastes indicated that TG-HD had a less compact endosperm protein matrix surround the starch compared to their NC. The improved flour and dough functional properties of the TG-HD sorghums seem to be caused by reduced endosperm compactness resulting from suppression of synthesis of several kafirin subclasses which modifies protein body and protein matrix structure, and to improved protein-starch interaction through hydrogen bonding specifically caused by reduction in the level of the hydrophobic γ-kafirin. The improved flour functionality of these transgenic biofortified sorghums can increase their commercial utility by complementing their improved nutritional quality.     

不同类型肥料对甘薯产量和氮效率的影响

为了找到比较适合甘薯增产的肥料,采用田间小区试验的方法,在投入等量氮磷钾养分情况下,比较4种不同类型肥料(施可丰复合肥、土壤所包膜肥、金正大包膜肥、史丹利复合肥)的氮肥效率,以无氮处理、普通尿素、习惯施肥为对照。结果表明:施可丰复合肥对甘薯的增产效果明显,产量达到29940 kg/hm2,显著高于无氮处理、普通尿素处理(P0.05),与习惯施肥相比增产8.92%,另外,收获时氮肥利用率最高,pH值降低小,在甘薯吸氮量最高时,施可丰复合肥氮素释放最高,符合甘薯的氮肥吸收规律,在甘薯生产上是值得推荐的。