高温对粘虫未成熟期生长发育的影响

本文报道了粘虫卵、幼虫和蛹在２４℃以上４种高温中生长发育的情况。结果表明,卵在相对湿度８０％左右,温度为２４－３３℃范围内均能顺利孵化,孵化率均在８７％以上,而３５℃中卵不能孵化,幼虫和蛹死亡率随着温度的升高而增加,３５℃时所有幼虫均在幼虫期或蛹期死亡,未成熟期（卵、幼虫和蛹）在２４－３０℃范围内随着温度的升高而缩短,３３℃时反而有所延长。高温对幼虫虫龄及各龄幼虫头壳宽度也有显著的影响（ｐ＜０．０５）．２４、２７℃中老熟幼虫均为６龄,而３０、３３、３５℃中７龄老熟幼虫比例分别占４％、２４％、１００％．各龄幼虫的头壳宽度以２７℃的最宽,且随着温度的升高而逐渐下降（３５℃的２龄幼虫除外）,不论其差异是否显著。３３℃以上高温显著不利于幼虫头壳的增长。蛹也是以２７℃的最重,且随着温度的升高而降低,３３℃时达到显著差异（ｐ＜０．０５）．由此可见,３３℃以上高温不仅不利于粘虫幼虫和蛹的生存,而且导致幼虫蜕皮次数增加,各龄幼虫头壳宽度变小,未成熟期延长及蛹重降低等发育受阻现象,而３５℃高温直接对卵和蛹有完全致死作用,这些结果均是粘虫夏天在我国南方地区不能渡夏的直接原因。     

水轮发电机组模糊控制PI调速器研究

根据一种简化的模糊控制算法来设计模糊控制决策表的计算机自动生成软件,即所谓的“决策软件”。这是一种把PI控制与模糊控制有机地结合在一起的方法,能够实现水轮发电机组PI调速器参数按模糊规则近似进行在线自动调整的控制。     

从树木水力结构特征探讨植物耐旱性

于 2 0 0 1年 8月下旬在北京林业大学校园内选取油松、元宝枫等 10个树种为研究对象 ,测定 1年生枝条的水势和水力结构参数的昼夜变化 .结果表明 ,1年生枝条水势与水力结构参数的昼夜变化趋势呈明显的“单峰型”变化 .分别建立了水势与导水率、比导率、叶比导率关系的数学模型 :y =axb 和y =ax2 +bx +c ,探讨了模型中各参数的生理生态学意义 ,并比较了各供试树种木质部栓塞脆弱性的大小 ,依次如下 :刺槐 >皂荚 >元宝枫 >山桃 >红瑞木 >侧柏>雪松 >白皮松 >油松 >迎春 .木质部输水效率及空穴和栓塞化程度的大小 ,依次如下 :环孔材树种 >散孔材树种 >无孔材树种 .这说明植物输水结构的有效性和安全性不可完全兼得 .     

采用16位单片机的拖拉机电液悬挂控制系统

将原有机械式液压悬挂控制系统改装为电液式悬挂控制系统,其控制核心采用了MCS96系列16位单片机系统;对电液悬挂控制系统进行了硬件和软件设计,并在室内仿真试验台上进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,系统具有较好的调节性能,能够满足对拖拉机悬挂控制系统的静动态要求。     

常见水稻品种稻米品质的研究

对128个常见水稻品种的加工品质、商品品质、蒸煮品质的分析表明,品种的加工品质有明显差异,完整精米率的变异幅度最大;垩白面积与完整精米率呈极显著负相关;粒长、粒宽、长宽比与直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、胶稠度间无任何显著相关。由于粒宽与垩白面积呈极显著正相关,故在籼稻优质米育种中,宜选择细长粒形和透明度好的类型。籼稻的直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、胶稠度在品种间均有丰富的变异,性状间组合方式复杂。目前国内籼稻品种的直链淀粉含量偏高,是影响食味的主要因素。粳稻中蒸煮品质各性状变异幅度较小,性状间组合类型较简单。     

京西山地棕壤和淋溶褐土饱和导水率的分析

导水率Ｋ（ｈｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ）是表示孔隙介质透水性能的综合比例系数,即单位水力势梯度下水的通量密度或渗透流速。Ｋ值是土壤颗粒大小分布、固体物质的化学组成和土壤紧实度的函数。因此,对于不同的土壤或同一土壤的不同层次Ｋ值亦可能有差...     

比例溢流阀在拉力轴承试验液压加载系统中的应用

比较了3种液压加载系统调节方式的原理和特点,介绍了该拉力轴承寿命试验装置中采用电比例溢流阀调节方式的组成及工作原理,重点分析了其在恒力加载状态经过闭环控制的工作特性.试验表明,此加载方式调节方便,加载载荷准确,系统性能稳定可靠,应用效果良好.     

Water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × Eucalyptus grandis: is there interclonal variation in response to experimentally imposed water stress?

This study tested the hypothesis that water stress increases the hydraulic efficiency of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis saplings as a result of osmotic and elastic adjustments. Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones (NH00, NH58, NH69 and NH70) were potted in coarse river sand supplemented with a slow-release fertiliser, drip-irrigated four times daily and exposed to full sunlight for eight months. Thereafter, irrigation was withheld twice for seven consecutive days from half of the saplings of each clone, with a seven-day recovery period (regular irrigation) in-between. Relative soil moisture content did not correlate with stomatal conductance (g_s) at pre-dawn and at midday. Leaves of plants subjected to the water-stress treatment wilted in 7 d, and the reduction in g_s was significant at midday with no significant differences between clones. Stomatal conductance and all traits derived from pressure-volume graphs (e.g. osmotic potential at full turgor) were constant in the control treatment. There were no clear patterns in osmotic and elastic adjustments in both treatments. Root hydraulic conductance was constant between treatments and clones. However, water stress reduced shoot hydraulic conductance and stem hydraulic conductivity with significant interclonal effects. Plant biomass, leaf area and leaf weight ratio were significantly lower in the water-stressed plants, but there were no differences between the clones. In conclusion, the water-stress treatment did not introduce significant differences in stomatal conductance and tissue-water relations of Eucalyptus nitens × E. grandis clones. Interclonal variation in water-stress response was found in shoot hydraulic traits, and clone NH58 may be more suitable for planting across sites prone to moderate water stress.     

Whitened kernel surface: A fast and reliable method for assessing Fusarium severity on cereal grains by digital picture analysis

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease of major importance responsible for yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations in grains. Here, we introduce a new measurement approach to quantify FHB severity on grains based on the evaluation of the whitened kernel surface (WKS) using digital image analysis. The applicability of WKS was assessed on two bread wheat and one triticale grain sample sets (265 samples). Pearson correlation coefficients between Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and WKS range from r = 0.77 to r = 0.81 and from r = 0.61 to r = 0.86 for the correlation between deoxynivalenol (DON) content and WKS. This new scoring method facilitates fast and reliable assessment of the resistance to kernel infection and shows significant correlation with mycotoxin content. WKS can be automated and does not suffer from the “human factor” inherent to visual scorings. As a low‐cost and fast approach, this method appears particularly attractive for breeding and genetic analysis of FHB resistance where typically large numbers of experimental lines need to be evaluated, and for which WKS is suggested as an alternative to visual FDK scorings.     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.