三个地方鸡种产蛋性状配合力测定

以文昌鸡、如皋黄鸡、仙居鸡为素材,采用完全双列杂交测定配合力,统计各周龄体重、开产蛋重、产蛋高峰期蛋重、开产至40周龄料蛋比、开产至40周龄平均产蛋率,计算一般配合力和特殊配合力效应值.结果表明:父本对开产至40周龄平均产蛋率及入舍母鸡产蛋数贡献较大,母本对蛋重影响较大;文昌鸡♂×仙居鸡♀组合开产至40周龄料蛋比最低、40周龄产蛋数最高,为最佳配套组合,可在生产中配套使用.     

运用营养调控措施降低动物养殖业环境污染

本文在分析养殖业对环境污染的基础上，探讨了通过营养调控降低动物养殖业对环境污染的潜力和技术方法，包括选用易消化饲料原料；研制最优日粮配方；饲料的合理加工和调制；应用安全高效饲料添加剂；使用生物活性肽调控日粮浓度；禁止某些非营养性添加剂的使用；采用多阶段、公母分开的饲养方式等，以从根本上解决养殖业的环境污染问题。     

Dairy Production and Reproduction by Crosses of Holstein,Jersey or Brown Swiss Sires with Holstein-Friesian/Gir Dams

The performance was compared of cows sired by Holstein, Jersey or Brown Swiss bulls out of Holstein-Friesian×Gir dams of 1/2 to 3/4 Holstein-Friesian content. The animals were kept in a single herd under the same management. The data were analysed by least-squares techniques under a model that included the fixed effects of breed of sire, Bos taurus fraction of the dam, parity, year and season of calving, and a random cow effect. Based on 480 observations, the milk yields per lactation for the Holstein, Jersey and Brown Swiss sired groups were 2821±163, 2320±61 and 2418±119 kg, respectively. The corresponding means for fat yield per lactation were 96.9±6.6, 86.8±2.5 and 92.8±4.8 kg; for protein yield per lactation were 85.3±5.1, 71.3±1.9 and 76.3±3.7 kg; for lactation length, 339±18, 283±7 and 313±14 days for fat percentage, 3.37±0.10, 3.73±0.04 and 3.77±0.07%; and for protein percentage, 3.02±0.05, 3.10±0.02 and 3.16±0.04%. The respective calving intervals were 487±24, 408±11 and 461±245 days. The yields of milk and protein per day of calving interval were similar in the Jersey and Holstein sired groups, while the former had higher yields of fat, implying that production economics might favour the smaller Jersey crosses in production systems in which the males were not reared. Crossing with Brown Swiss did not improve performance over the Holstein sired crosses.     

昆虫抗菌肽的抗菌效应及在畜牧生产中的应用前景

 昆虫抗菌肽是一类具有免疫效应的小分子多肽,它具有热稳定、抗菌谱广、无免疫原性、作用机制独特等特性,是昆虫能够抵御自然界中有害微生物侵染的重要因素。论文针对畜牧业生产,从昆虫抗菌肽分类、生物活性及作用机理等几个方面综述了昆虫抗菌肽的研究现状及其应用前景。     

有效微生物菌群在蛋鸡生产中的应用试验

有效微生物菌群(EV)是一种复合高效微生物制剂,在养殖业上使用EM具有改善饲养环境、降低发病率、提高饲料报酬、增加养殖效益等作用。本研究进行了EM对产蛋鸡应用效果试验。试验表明:EM对蛋鸡生产具有明显促进作用,10周试验表明,以10%比例将EM发酵饲料添加于蛋鸡日粮中,并配合饮用EM发酵水,日均产蛋量提高4.70%,产蛋率提高2.90%,料蛋比下降4.73%,毛利润提高12.79%。     

水牛MFSD2A基因多态性及其与产奶性状的关联分析

【目的】研究水牛主要促进因子超家族成员2a(major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2a, MFSD2A)基因多态性,并筛选与水牛产奶性状相关联的SNP。【方法】采集383头健康水牛血液DNA,利用PCR扩增和Sequenom MassARRAY飞行时间质谱技术对SNP位点进行筛选及基因型检测,并进行遗传多样性、连锁不平衡(LD)和单倍型分析,以及对不同基因型和单倍型与水牛产奶性状进行关联分析。【结果】在水牛MFSD2A基因中检出7个SNPs位点,多态信息含量(PIC)均在0.25～0.40之间,属于中度多态,除g.8290 T>C位点外,其余位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P>0.05);关联分析结果表明,这7个SNPs位点与305 d产奶量均显著关联(P<0.05),且突变杂合子基因型的305 d产奶量是3种基因型中最低的,g.568 C>G和g.701 A>G位点与乳脂率显著关联(P<0.05),乳脂率从大到小依次为突变纯合子>野生纯合子>突变杂合子,g.568...     

Breeding objectives of Brangus cattle in Brazil

Our goal was to define a breeding objective for Brangus beef cattle in Brazil. Bioeconomic models were produced and used to estimate economic values (EVs). The scenarios simulated were typical full-cycle beef production systems that are used in tropical and subtropical regions. The breeding objective contained pregnancy rate (PR), warm carcass weight (WCW), mature cow weight (MCW), number of nematode eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and tick count (TICK). Two models were used in series to estimate the EV. A deterministic model was used to simulate effects of PR, WCW and MCW on profitability with a constant parasite load. Subsequently, stochastic models were used to estimate economic values for TICK and EPG as consequences of their environmental effects on weight gains, mortality and health costs. The EV of PR, WCW, MCW, EPG and TICK, was US$1.59, US$2.11, −US$0.24, −US$5.35 and −US$20.88, respectively. Results indicate positive emphasis should be placed on PR (12.49%) and WCW (65.07%) with negative emphasis on MCW (13.92%), EPG (2.77%) and TICK (5.75%). In comparison with the indexes usually used, these results suggest a reformulation in the selection indexes of the beef production system in tropical and subtropical regions in order to obtain greater profitability.     

Communal farmers’ ecological knowledge and perceptions of grasses in the central Eastern Cape province,South Africa: similarities with field studies and scientific knowledge and their implications

The local ecological knowledge (LEK) and perceptions of grasses were investigated in six semi-arid communal areas in the central Eastern Cape province, South Africa, and compared with field studies and scientific knowledge. Of the total of 21 grasses identified in the field survey, communal farmers had vernacular names only for 11 species. Respondents rated Digitaria eriantha and Pennisetum clandestinum to have the highest (p < 0.05) grazing value. Respondents’ ratings of Eragrostis obtusa and Sporobolus africanus as having similar (moderate) grazing values to Themeda triandra is against the established knowledge. Respondents’ ratings of T. triandra and S. africanus as having higher (p = 0.01) ecological value than the other grasses concur with the scientific knowledge, whereas their nomination of E. obtusa and D. eriantha as providing less ecological benefits than Aristida conjesta disagrees with some ecologists. The study hinted at the complementarity and discrepancies between LEK and scientific knowledge that need ratification. The respondents’ lack of detailed knowledge is suggestive of a gradual eroding of LEK among the local communities that will adversely impact the local people’s ability to implement sustainable rangeland utilisation practice. The current study also recognised farmers’ familiarity as well as training needs that would expound their knowledge and management of grasses.     

饲料中添加紫花苜蓿鲜草对肉牛生长性能及养分表观消化率的影响

为研究紫花苜蓿鲜草对肉牛生长性能及养分表观消化率的影响,采用单因素设计试验,选择体重相近的肉牛90头,随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。1组为空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,2、3组分别在风干物质的基础上添加5%、10%的紫花苜蓿鲜草,预试验10 d,试验期为60 d,在试验期间测定肉牛生长性能和养分表观消化率。结果表明:(1)试验3组的试验末重、平均日增重分别较对照组提高3.30%、14.77%(P <0.05),试验2组和3组的平均日采食量均高于1组(P> 0.05),试验3组的料重比分别较对照组降低7.20%(P <0.05);(2)试验2、3组的粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷的表观消化率均高于1组(P> 0.05);试验3组粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率分别较对照组提高13.85%、18.83%、21.03%(P <0.05)。结论,10%紫花苜蓿鲜草可以提高肉牛的生长性能和养分表观消化率。     

不同饲养方式对AA肉鸡生产性能和经济效益的影响

本试验主要研究不同饲养方式对AA肉鸡生产性能和经济效益的影响。试验选取同批次4周龄AA肉鸡100只,随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只,两组AA肉鸡个体情况无显著差异(P>0.05),对照组进行生态散养,试验组进行笼养,试验结束后对两组AA肉鸡的生产性能和经济效益进行分析。结果表明,试验组AA肉鸡总增重、日增重和日均采食量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组AA肉鸡料肉比显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。从增重情况来看,笼养AA肉鸡更具有经济价值,且笼养方式占地面积小,饲养密度大,非常适合较大密度的集中饲养。但生态散养AA肉鸡耗料少,能节省一定的饲料费用,再加上生态散养AA肉鸡的肉质、口感和营养等方面都比笼养AA肉鸡更符合市场需求。因此,在本试验条件下,作者建议大规模养殖户采用笼养方式,不仅便于管理,而且增重较多,总体经济效益较好,而小规模饲养AA肉鸡的养殖户建议生态散养,提高单只质量,增加单产来提高总的经济收入。