基于Prosail模型和Landsat 8数据的小麦冠层含水量反演比较

为对比分析Prosail模型和Landsat 8数据在植被含水量反演中的效果,以冠层等效水厚度为植被含水量指标,首先基于地面实测植被参数和Landsat 8波谱响应函数,得到基于Prosail模型的宽波段反射率,并基于模拟宽波段数据和TM8卫星数据构建归一化植被指数（NDVI）、增强型植被指数（EVI）及两种归一化差值水分指数（NDWI）,评价每种指数与小麦冠层含水量的相关性,再基于模拟植被数据、TM8植被数据和小麦冠层含水量,开展植被水分含量的建模和验证分析。结果表明,基于Prosail模型模拟得到的NDWI5和基于Landsat 8构建的NDWI5在小麦冠层含水量反演中的精度均优于NDVI、EVI和NDWI7,且二者的反演精度较为一致,可为地面实测数据过少的区域植被冠层含水量遥感反演提供一种新的思路。     

归一化水体指数用于河南省干旱监测适用性分析

利用30 m分辨率的归一化植被指数（NDVI）图像信息熵对河南省气象站周边地表异质性进行分析,选取观测站周围地表较为均匀的站点实测土壤水分数据,通过计算归一化水体指数（NDWI）与实测土壤水分之间的相关系数,分析比较NDWI用于干旱监测的适用性。研究表明：信息熵方法可有效地对土壤水分观测数据进行筛选;在时间序列上,各站点实测值与NDWI具有负相关关系,在增强型植被指数EVI>0.4时相关性更高,说明在植被覆盖高的区域NDWI对土壤水分的反演更为敏感;空间上,根据地形将河南省分为北部、中部、南部和西部4个区域并选取第121、201、313天的土壤水分数据来分析与NDWI之间的相关性,在地形较为平坦的中北部地区NDWI与土壤水分之间负相关性最稳定且相关系数较高。根据NDWI空间分布可知,2014年河南省大部分地区均遭受了干旱,且干旱地区大部分位于平原,特别是北方地区受灾严重。总体来说,NDWI用于平原地区对作物进行干旱监测精度较高,并可预测干旱发展趋势及程度。     

Coastal wetland vegetation features and digital Change Detection Mapping based on remotely sensed imagery: El-Burullus Lake,Egypt

El-Burullus Lake is one of the four Egyptian Ramsar sites that constitute internationally important wetlands as they contain a rich biodiversity and have a large number of water bird species. But the valuable resources in El-Burullus Lake and its surrounding area have faced various threats to wetlands over recent decades. This study was carried out to evaluate the dynamics of land cover change using three change scenes of recent and past satellite data from 1990 to 2019. The study utilized ArcGIS10.7, ERDAS Imagine 14, Landsat TM (1990, 1999, and 2010), Landsat OLI-TIRS (2019) to analyze the land-use/land-cover (LULC) of El-Burullus wetland. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were employed to assess the change scenario of the area. Results indicated that vegetated land has increased significantly with a concomitant shrinkage in the water body and open soil during the study period. Approximately 53 km² (7.0%) of water body and 8.7 km² (1.3%) of open soil were lost, while vegetation areas expanded to approximately 29.9 km² (7.4%). Factors that underpin the observed changes in the area are; reclamation projects and fish-farms which are creating the danger of drying up of the southern coastal parts of the lake, as well as spreading of reed beds (mainly: Phragmites australis) that covers about 20% of El-Burullus lake which led to dry up the lake parts. Therefore, the study suggests the need for urgent attention on conservation of remaining wetland resources for sustainable utilization for the next generation.     

Using Landsat images to detect oak decline in the Mark Twain National Forest, Ozark Highlands

Following the severe drought in 1999–2000 there was a widespread outbreak of oak decline in the Ozark Highlands. Over 400,000 ha of dead and dying oak trees were observed by the USDA Forest Service in this region. Although oak forests that are dead can be easily interpreted from air photos or classified from satellite images, it is difficult to detect dying trees that are still green but will die back or recover in the following years. In this study, we applied a normalized difference water index (NDWI) to map the continuous forest dynamics related to oak decline. The Landsat TM image in 1992 and the ETM+ image in 2000 were processed to calculate the differential NDWI which revealed moisture variation primarily caused by the drought and the associated red oak borers. A simple thresholding method was used to map oak dying back, recovery and non-change areas in the study area. The died-back areas were extracted from the modified land use/land cover maps created by the Missouri Resource Assessment Partnership (MoRAP). The forest dynamics map was compared with the online FIA database in which tree species at randomly selected sites were recorded in 1989 and 2003. The overall accuracy of forest dynamics mapping with remote sensing imagery was 75.95%. The user's accuracy of dying/recovery area mapping was also high although the producer's accuracy is questionable because of the limitation in ground data collection. The continuous dying/recovery map in this study could provide valuable information on the prediction of oak decline and evaluation of damage when another period of environmental stresses occurs.     

Assessment of forest fire seasonality using MODIS fire potential: A time series approach

We utilized Fire Potential Index (FPI) to assess quantitatively fire season in a Mediterranean and a Temperate ecoregion of Iberian Peninsula by means of Time Series Analysis. The FPI was derived using MODIS NDWI and NDVI time series as indicators of vegetation status. Temperature and relative humidity time series from meteorological stations were interpolated using Universal Kriging. The average FPI time series were computed for each ecoregion for the period running from January 2001 to December 2005 and Time Series Analysis was applied to these series. Results show that FPINDWI and FPINDVI were able to describe fire season in two different ecoregions. Using Time Series Analysis was possible to evaluate and model fire dynamics. By means of spectral analysis and autoregressive models it was possible to detect hidden periodic components and model FPI dynamics with previous FPI information. Large differences between the Mediterranean and the Temperate ecoregions were demonstrated and subtle variability in the Temperate region could be explained. This quantitative approach represents an operational new tool for assessing subtle variations in fire season due to climate change.