中高肥力土壤水稻施肥技术研究——稳穗增粒施肥模式对水稻的增产与节肥效果

作者在总结前人施肥模式成果的基础上,提出了稳穗增粒施肥模式。通过4年的田间试验,比较和分析了增产、节肥的效果及原因。结果表明:该模式比当前推行的3种参比模式增产5％～17％。生产7500kg/hm稻谷的氮肥用量控制在105～120kg/hm,至少可以节约氮肥25％～30％。在中高肥力土壤上,该模式是取得高产稳产和节肥的一个良好的选择,对节约能源和农田环境保护也有重要意义,具有推广价值。     

低丘红壤地区农户生态系统物质循环的系统研究

本文研究了江西红壤地区以种植业为主种养结合的农户生态系统的物质循环情况。结果表明,在农田亚系统中营养物质水平有较大的提高,N、P、K都有积累,尤其是P的积累量比较高。农田亚系统的稳定度比较高,而猪场的稳定度相对较低,物质大部分靠外界的投入。系统的结构不完善,潜伏一定的不稳定性和生态脆弱性。     

岩溶山区土壤性质及其对土下溶蚀速率的影响

以重庆中梁山岩溶山区为例,通过野外溶蚀试片法和测量土壤孔隙度、容重、水分、有机碳含量和pH值的方法,探讨雨季和全年不同土地利用方式下土壤性质变化及其对土下岩石溶蚀速率的影响。结果表明:不同季节不同土地利用方式下土下岩石溶蚀速率差异显著,雨季溶蚀速率要大于全年溶蚀速率,雨季溶蚀量对全年溶蚀量贡献较大,雨热同期有利于岩溶作用的进行。总体上,不同土地利用方式下土下岩石溶蚀速率大小顺序为:林地>草地>菜地>耕地,其中林地最大,耕地最小。土壤有机碳、pH值、孔隙度和水分等相互联系,相互作用共同影响土下岩石溶蚀速率。人类活动能够改变土壤理化性质,促进或抑制岩溶作用的进行。林地利于碳酸盐岩石的溶蚀,促进石灰岩地区溶蚀成土速率,在岩溶区提高植被覆盖率是防治石漠化的有效措施。     

Effects of temperature on growth and photosynthesis in the seedling stage of the sheath blight-resistant rice genotype 32R

The 32R rice genotype is resistant to sheath blight disease (ShB), with a high-yield potential. We examined effects of temperature on the plant responses of 32R in comparison with those of the ShB-susceptible rice genotype (29S) and Nipponbare (Nb, a Japonica standard cultivar). The seedlings at the 4th leaf stage of rice genotypes were exposed to 14/14, 19/14, 25/20, 31/26, 37/32 and 37/37 °C (day/night) for 5, 10 and 15 days. The dry weight, leaf area, photosynthesis, contents of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and chlorophyll contents were examined. The dry weight showed lower in 32R than in 29S and Nb at a low temperature, and total dry weight correlated strongly with root dry weight and leaf area. The relative growth rate (RGR) correlated strongly with the net assimilation rate (NAR). Rubisco, chlorophyll contents and the photosynthetic rates were limited at a low temperature and showed lower in 32R than in 29S and Nb. The strong correlations between Rubisco and the rates of maximum photosynthesis and initial slope were found in 32R, but not found in 29S and Nb. In addition, RGR and NAR of 32R correlated positively with Rubisco. These suggest that 32R contains traits of cold-sensitive genotypes that are related to limiting Rubisco at a low temperature, thus diminishing photosynthesis and limiting plant growth. Differences of growth among 32R, 29S and Nb were discussed in the relation of genotypes.     

卷烟纸透气度与克重对烟用香料在主流烟气中转移行为的影响

 为考察不同透气度、克重数卷烟纸在不同相对湿度下对香料在卷烟主流烟气中转移行为的影响,分别采用同时蒸馏萃取,溶剂萃取和气相色谱—质谱（GC/MS）对抽吸后主流烟气（MS）粒相转移率进行研究,并对数据进行了显著性检验分析和灰色关联分析。结果表明：（1）沸点相对较高,分子量较大的香味成分的转移率与不同卷烟纸透气度和克重数在α=0.05水平上无显著性差异,说明这些香味成分基本不受卷烟纸透气度和克重数的影响;（2）在所选择参数范围内,平均主流烟气（MS）粒相转移率随卷烟纸透气度的增加呈减小的趋势,随卷烟纸克重数的增加呈“V”变化趋势;（3）卷烟纸透气度对主流烟气（MS）粒相平均转移率的影响要大于湿度的影响,而受卷烟纸克重数与湿度的影响均相当。因此在保持卷烟产品的区域稳定性时,要考虑各香料在主流烟气中的转移行为的影响。     

供水条件对温室番茄根系分布及产量影响

通过田间试验,分析了不同生育期供水条件对番茄灌水量、光合作用、根系分布、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：番茄开花坐果期控制灌水下限为60%f_C(田间持水量),结果盛期控制灌水下限为75%f_C,控制灌水上限为90%f_C,番茄产量最高,达到91.7 t/hm²,水分利用效率达到27.51 kg/m³,整根的根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重都明显增加。叶片净光和速率在75%f_C条件下最高,有利于光合产物的形成。随土层深度的增加,根长密度呈指数下降。不同土壤水分条件对番茄根系生长影响主要体现在直径小于1 mm的根系上,而且直径小于1 mm的根长和产量之间存在很好的相关关系。     

补充灌溉及氮磷配施对黄土塬区冬小麦水分利用及产量的影响

采用裂区试验设计,对黄土塬区补充灌溉及氮磷配施条件下麦田土壤水分动态、作物产量及水分利用效率等进行研究。结果表明：1）冬小麦对土壤水分的利用深度随小麦生长发育逐渐加深,在越冬前期和孕穗期分别达1.2和2.2 m土层以下,不同处理土壤含水量在小麦生育前期差异不明显,孕穗后氮磷配施处理的土壤含水量显著低于不施肥处理;2）试验条件下,补充灌溉后同样施肥处理的作物产量与雨养相比,虽有增加但不显著;不论是雨养水平,还是补充灌溉水平,氮磷配施均表现出显著的增产效果,从低氮低磷到高氮高磷,增产幅度在134%到240%之间;3）氮磷配施能显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,而补充灌溉后水分利用效率降低3%-30%,但未达显著水平;4）不同氮磷配施的增产效应高于补充灌溉,补充灌溉与高氮高磷处理有显著的水肥协同效应,能显著提高作物产量并保持较高的水分利用效率。     

Yield Structure of Winter Faba Beans Grown in Northern Germany in Dependence of Different Environments, Seed Rates, Sowing Rates and Genotypes

Two series of field trials were performed at three sites in Schleswig-Holstein between 1981 and 1988 to inquire into the yield structure of European winter types of Vicia faba L. and to compare their yield potential with that of spring types. Due to low winter survival, 6 winter types could be evaluated only in 4 environments in dependence of 1–3 sowing times (series α: seed rate 30/m²) and 1 winter type in 5 environments in dependence of 3 sowing times and 3 seed rates (series β: seed rate 15, 30, 45/m²). Seed yield of winter type averaged 410 g/m² (D.M.) surpassing spring types by about 14 %. Environments caused a considerable variation in yield (275–620 g/m²) and in each yield component of winter types, while sowing dates and seed rates hardly affected the components seeds/pod and seed weight, which displayed stable genotypic rank orders. Compensative forces among the components plants/m², tillers/plant and pods/tiller, were established. Plant densities of less than 10/m² in spring, generally led to seed yield below 350 g/m². Variation between 15–30 plants/m² due to environments, sowing times or seed rates were frequently not fully compensated by tillering of plants, but often variation of the thus formed yield potential was reduced by pod set of tillers resulting in 210–270 pods/m². The direction of correlations of pods/tillers with tillers/plant and plants/m² differed due to experimental conditions whereas negative correlations between pods/tiller and tillers/ m² were generally evident. Tillering was significantly influenced by the sowing time, though the increase because of early sowing was often covered by compensative effects of different plant densities. A genotypic capability to produce reproductive tillers was demonstrated using an approach which considered different plant densities and compensative forces. Neither a genotypic capability of tillers to set pods nor direct effects of environments or sowing time on pod set were established.     

Benefits of repeated stocking with adult,hatchery‐reared brown trout,Salmo trutta,to recreational fisheries?

Abstract  Recaptures of adult, hatchery-reared, brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and fishing time from anglers were used to evaluate the benefits of stocking programmes with repeated releases of adult brown trout. The recapture rate varied between 17% and 29%. The time between stocking and capture (referred to as residence time) varied between 1 and 160 days (median 3–49 days). Between 67% and 84% of trout caught in the river were recently released fish. Fishing effort increased after stocking, thereby increasing the impact of angling on wild stocks. Stocking with adult brown trout decreases the impact of angling on wild trout only if the time spent fishing by all anglers is kept stable. Furthermore, because of the short residence time of stocked trout, long-term impacts through competition for space and food, or genetic impact through introgression, are limited.     

超高产两系杂交稻不同施氨水平剑叶光合特性研究

研究了超高产两系杂交稻两优培九、金两优36在不同施氮水平下剑叶的光合特性，结果表明，两优培九、金两优36在每公顷施氮120kg、165kg、210kg 3种水平下，剑叶比叶重、叶绿素含量、光合速率均比对照汕优63高，这可能是两优培九、金两优36高产的生理基础之一。在每公顷施氮120-210kg的范围内，两优培九剑叶光合速率及产量均随施氮水平的增加而提高，金两优36剑叶光合速率及产量在公顷施氮165kg最高，增加到210kg时反而下降。