In-field management of corn cob and residue mix: Effect on soil greenhouse gas emissions

In-field management practices of corn cob and residue mix (CRM) as a feedstock source for ethanol production can have potential effects on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CRM piles, storage in-field, and subsequent removal on soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions. The study was conducted in 2010–2012 at the Iowa State University, Agronomy Research Farm located near Ames, Iowa (42.0°′N; 93.8°′W). The soil type at the site is Canisteo silty clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Endoaquolls). The treatments for CRM consisted of control (no CRM applied and no residue removed after harvest), early spring complete removal (CR) of CRM after application of 7.5 cm depth of CRM in the fall, 2.5 cm, and 7.5 cm depth of CRM over two tillage systems of no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) and three N rates (0, 180, and 270 kg N ha⁻¹) of 32% liquid UAN (NH₄NO₃) in a randomized complete block design with split–split arrangements. The findings of the study suggest that soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions were affected by tillage, CRM treatments, and N rates. Most N₂O and CO₂ emissions peaks occurred as soil moisture or temperature increased with increase precipitation or air temperature. However, soil CO₂ emissions were increased as the CRM amount increased. On the other hand, soil N₂O emissions increased with high level of CRM as N rate increased. Also, it was observed that NT with 7.5 cm CRM produced higher CO₂ emissions in drought condition as compared to CT. Additionally, no differences in N₂O emissions were observed due to tillage system. In general, dry soil conditions caused a reduction in both CO₂ and N₂O emissions across all tillage, CRM treatments, and N rates.     

FACE对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性影响的研究

2005、2006年利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE）研究平台,设计施N量为125kg·hm^-2（LN）、250kg·hm^-2（NN）处理,研究大气CO2浓度比对照高200umol·mol^-1的FACE处理对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性的影响。结果表明：（1）FACE处理使汕优63不同生育时期单位干质量根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、α-萘胺氧化量等根系活性指标均极显著小于对照。由于FACE处理促进汕优63根系发生量的大幅度增加,因此分蘖期、拔节期其单穴根系活性与对照多无明显差异,到抽穗期FACE处理单穴根系活性显著大于对照;（2）拔节期、抽穗期汕优63每穴的不定根数、不定根总长度、根系体积、根干质量与单位干质量根系活性的关系密切,根量越大单位于质量根系活性越低;（3）不同生育时期汕优63植株含氮率与单位干质量的根系活性多呈正相关,植株碳氮比与单位干质量的根系活性多呈负相关;（4）FACE处理汕优63根系生长量大、植株含氮率低、碳氮比高等可能是造成其单位干质量根系活性低于对照的重要原因。     

节水减氮对温室土壤硝态氮与氮素平衡的影响

【目的】针对日光温室蔬菜生产中肥水超量施用问题,以提高氮肥利用率和实现温室菜田可持续利用为目标,研究节水减氮在温室蔬菜生产中的增效潜力,推荐适宜水氮用量。【方法】采用当地典型种植茬口冬春茬黄瓜-秋冬茬番茄,在沟灌方式下设计农民习惯灌溉（W₁,＞100%田间持水量）和减量灌溉（W₂,75%-95%田间持水量）2个灌水水平;农民习惯施氮（N₁）、较农民习惯减氮25%（N₂）、减氮50%（N₃）和无氮（N₀）4个氮肥水平,对应黄瓜季施氮1 200、900、600和0 kg·hm^-2,番茄季施氮 900、675、450和0 kg·hm^-2,共W₁N₁、W₂N₂、W₂N₃、W₁N₀和W₂N₀ 5个水氮用量组合处理,3年6季定位研究蔬菜关键生育期0-100 cm土体硝态氮动态变化,分析氮素平衡和经济效益,推荐合理水氮用量。【结果】农民习惯水氮管理W₁N₁处理土壤硝态氮积累明显,并向土壤深层迁移。节水减氮W₂N₃处理3年0-60 cm土层硝态氮供应保持在相对适宜水平,平均硝态氮含量为53.3-80.9 mg·kg^-1;0-100 cm土体硝态氮未出现明显积累,平均含量较W₁N₁处理下降13.9%-31.1%;氮素表观损失下降56%,氮肥利用率提高2.4-3.3个百分点,并保持较高的经济效益。依据0-20 cm土层硝态氮含量与产量之间的显著回归关系,获得最佳产量土壤硝态氮含量黄瓜为37.4-72.9 mg·kg^-1,番茄应低于90 mg·kg^-1。根据蔬菜氮素需求量和关键生长期适宜的土壤硝态氮含量,结合根区土壤水分监测,推荐与供试条件相近的温室,沟灌冬春茬黄瓜产量160-180 t·hm^-2下灌水450-550 mm配合施氮600 kg·hm^-2较适宜,秋冬茬番茄产量70-80 t·hm^-2时灌水170-200 mm配合施氮250 kg·hm^-2较适宜。分析水氮减施增效原因为：节水20%-30%使土壤硝态氮趋近根区分布,节氮50%降低土壤剖面硝态氮积累,节水20%-30%配合减氮50%将根区硝态氮供应维持在适宜水平的同时,降低进入损失途径的氮素,从而实现增效。【结论】华北平原沟灌温室黄瓜-番茄农民生产现状节水减氮潜力较大。优化水分管理是实现氮肥减施增效的关键,在合理灌水量下,推荐适宜的施氮量是水氮减施增效的有效措施。较农民习惯管理节水20%-30%配合减氮50%,能有效降低氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率,保持较高经济效益。     

碳菌调控对虾、蟹混养系统微生物群落功能多样性的影响

利用Biolog生态板方法和冗余分析(RDA)等方法,分析了菌碳调控对虾、蟹混养系统水体细菌群落功能多样性的影响,探讨了水体微生物群落多样性与不同环境因子间的关系。实验通过添加益生菌制剂和糖蜜调节养殖水体中菌群结构,共设6个处理,分别是为短小芽孢杆菌(C2)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(C3)、硝化细菌制剂(C4)、EM制剂(C5),以未添加菌制剂的处理为对照组(C1),另外以未添加碳源和菌制剂的处理为对照组(C0)。研究结果表明,不同菌碳下细菌群落对底物碳的利用数量和代谢强度存在较大差异。随着养殖时间的延长,处理组C3的碳代谢活性和对碳源的利用强度总体上高于其它处理组,而处理组C4较低和对照组C0相差不大。PCA分析结果表明,不同处理的细菌群落处于动态变化之中,反映出细菌群落的组成和代谢特征出现了显著差异,其中处理组C3和C4间差异最为显著。处理组C3的多样性指数如Simpson指数Shannon指数和S-E均匀度均较高,而处理组C4则较低。RAD分析表明,碳菌调控条件下,影响细菌群落碳代谢功能的主要环境因子7月为:Chl a、PO4--P、NO2--N、NH4+-N;8月为:NO3--N、NO2--N、TP、TN和PO4--P;9月为:TP、Chl a、PO4--P和NO2--N。综合水质指标和细菌群落对碳源的代谢功能的分析结果,本实验初步表明在C/N为15的虾、蟹混养水体中添加蜡样芽孢杆菌,细菌群落的多样性指数及对碳源的代谢功能为最佳。     

PGPB对红树植物木榄幼苗的接种效应

通过盆栽试验研究了植物促生菌(PGPB)对红树植物木榄幼苗的接种效应,供试菌为6种解磷菌(即B.amy,Vib,B.atr,Xan,B.Lic,P.M.)和5种固氮菌(即Au4,Phy,24S,JA4,cd),结果表明:(1)分别接种6种解磷菌株6个月后木榄幼苗的生长均得到了不同程度的促进,与对照相比,木榄苗高增加21.57%～9.54%,生物量增加27.49%～20.32%,叶片的氮含量增加33.33%～1.35%,叶片的磷含量增加24.42%～2.04%;经差异显著性检验,B.amy和Vib 2个菌种对木榄幼苗的促生效应比其它解磷菌株更明显;(2)分别接种5种固氮菌株6个月后木榄幼苗的生长均得到了促进,与对照相比,木榄幼苗的均高增加24.07%～10.22%,生物量增加32.36%～19.71%,叶片的氮含量增加23.39%～4.05%,叶片的磷含量增加32.79%～4.99%;差异显著性检验表明:Au4和Phy 2个菌种对木榄幼苗的促生效果比其它固氮菌更显著.     

IBV AH1-99分离株N基因的克隆及序列分析

利用RT-PCR技术成功扩增出IBV AH1-99分离株的N基因全长cNDA,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上。经酶切分析、PCR鉴定及核苷酸序列测定,成功获得该分离株N基因的重组质粒。序列分析结果表明,分离株N基因全长1 230个核苷酸,编码409个氨基酸。同部分IBV参考毒株相比,核苷酸同源性为85.8%~89.9%,氨基酸同源性为86.6%~91.0%,在进化关系树中,AH1-99与国内分离株X、LX4亲缘关系较近。     

不同施肥水平下全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤酶活性及氮磷养分含量的动态变化

为进一步完善全膜双垄沟播玉米栽培技术体系,采用大田随机区组试验法,研究了不同施肥水平下全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤酶活性及氮磷养分含量的动态变化情况。结果表明：在玉米生长前期,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性以及碱解氮、速效磷含量均呈现快速增长趋势。脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性和碱解氮含量均在拔节期达到最大值,碱性磷酸酶活性和速效磷含量在抽雄期达到最大值。在玉米生长后期,各种土壤酶活性和氮磷养分含量又呈降低趋势。土壤脲酶活性与氮磷养分含量,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与速效磷含量均存在显著或极显著正相关关系,土壤蔗糖酶活性与氮磷养分含量也存在显著的正相关关系,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性与氮磷养分含量之间,土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与碱解氮之间无显著相关关系。西北干旱半干旱地区全膜双垄沟播玉米种植密度确定为6.75×10⁴株·hm^-2时,最佳施肥量为纯N 210 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 168 kg·hm^-2。     

CO2浓度升高对水稻抽穗期根系有关性状及根碳氮比的影响

在FACE (free air carbon dioxide enrichment) 实验平台上,采用水培的方法观测了抽穗期水稻根系的生长情况。结果表明,FACE条件下根生物量、根体积和根冠比极显著增加且不定根明显增多、变粗。高CO2浓度显著降低了根中N含量,而C含量变化不明显,导致碳氮比极显著增加。基于单位根质量的根系活力在CO2浓度增加条件下极显著降低,养分吸收效率的降低可能是根中N含量下降的重要原因。     

早期水分胁迫对水稻干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]研究早期水分胁迫对水稻干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响。[方法]以一季中稻为试验材料,在大棚内开展了轻度水分胁迫(QX)和重度水分胁迫(ZX)对不同生育时期不同器官影响的盆栽试验。[结果]2种水分胁迫处理均明显抑制了水稻不同时期的干物质量。分蘖期,CK组根、茎、叶干物质相对QX和ZX处理有不同程度(121.1%~211.2%)的增加。CK组穗重最大,为53.21 g/盆,其相对QX和ZX处理分别增加44.9%和43.3%,差异显著。相对CK而言,水分胁迫显著提高了ZX处理水稻茎秆和叶片的氮含量,但是由于水稻干物质量受到显著抑制,所以ZX处理的氮积累量显著低于CK组。[结论]前期的水分胁迫显著影响水稻产量和氮素吸收利用,田间管理措施要适时排水或灌溉,避免水分胁迫对水稻产量造成不可逆的影响。     

Biomass production and N balance of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) under high water and N input in Mediterranean environments

This study aimed to evaluate the productivity of Arundo donax under good water and N availability coming from non-conventional sources, in different Italian environments (Padova and Bologna in the north, Reggio Calabria and Catania in the south) in relation to three harvest periods (autumn; mid-winter; late-winter).In the northern locations A. donax had already reached maximum productivity the year after transplanting, with 85 and 98 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter at Padova and Bologna, respectively. At Reggio Calabria and Catania a further biomass increase was obtained from the second to third year of cultivation, when production was 62 t ha⁻¹ and 51 t ha⁻¹, respectively.The average dry matter production was 74, 66 and 65 t ha⁻¹ with autumn, mid-winter and late-winter harvesting, respectively.Under N input ranging from 225 to 329 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at the different locations, the apparent N balance (input–output) was negative except in Catania indicating a great potential of A. donax to provide high N uptake, which would be a useful feature in environments under the European Nitrates Directive.