Effects of Soluble Silicate and Nanosilica Application on Rice Nutrition in an Oxisol

Silicon(Si) has been supplied to plants via application of calcium silicate to soil; however, high doses of calcium silicate are required because of its low solubility. Nanoparticles can reduce Si doses and be applied to seeding furrows. This study investigated the effects of liquid Si sources, i.e., highly soluble silicate(115.2 g L~(-1) Si and 60.5 g L~(-1) Na_2O) and nanosilica( 200 nm), on Si uptake by rice plants, plant lignification, plant C:N:P stoichiometry, plant physiology, and grain yield using an Oxisol under greanhouse condistions. The treatments included the application of nanosilica and soluble silicate to seeding furrows at Si doses of 0, 605, 1 210,and 2 420 g ha~(-1). Plant uptake and treatment effects were evaluated by measuring C and lignin contents, Si, N, and P accumulation,physiological characteristics, and grain yield of rice. The deposition of silica bodies and amorphous silica in the flag leaves was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Application of liquid Si increased Si accumulation in rice by 47.3% in relation to the control(0 g ha~(-1) Si), regardless of the Si sources used. Nanosilica application increased leaf lignin content by 112.7% when compared to that in the control. Silicon moderately affected the net C assimilation(increased by 1.83%) and transpiration rates(increased by 48.3%);however, Si influenced neither plant growth nor grain yield of rice. These results are explained by the lack of biotic or abiotic stress in rice plants during the experiment. To the best of our knowledge, in Brazilian agriculture, this is the first report on the use of nanosilica as a Si fertilizer and its effect on plant nutrition. This study provides evidence that rice plants absorb and accumulate nanoparticles;however, further studies are required to investigate the use of nanoparticles in other plant species.     

水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物群落的影响

【目的】了解水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物的影响,进而从土壤动物角度解读全球变化对荒漠草原的生态效应。【方法】2014年植物生长季,以内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,设置对照(CK,自然降雨状态)、减雨(R)、增雨(W)、施氮(N)、减雨施氮(R+N)和增雨施氮(WN)6个处理,观测不同处理中小型土壤动物群落和土壤环境参数的变化。【结果】短花针茅荒漠草原共捕获中小型土壤动物333 079.5只/m~2,隶属于节肢动物门的4纲10目47科,主要为弹尾纲(Collembola)、蛛形纲(Arachnida)和昆虫纲(Insecta);优势类群为疣虫兆科(Neanoridae)和等节科(Isotomidae),优势类群和常见类群构成了研究样地中小型土壤动物群落的主体。增雨、增雨施氮有助于提高短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物个体密度,减雨、减雨施氮处理减少中小型土壤动物个体密度,且水氮交互作用对中小型土壤动物个体密度影响表现显著,而对类群数无显著影响。短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物具有明显表聚性,各处理下0~10cm土层个体密度和类群数显著高于10~20cm土层(P0.05)。【结论】在未来降雨增加和氮沉降的全球变化背景下,中小型土壤动物个体密度的变化可能会更大。     

碳氮比对生物絮凝反应器处理水质效果的影响

为探究不同C/N对以生物絮凝反应器为唯一水处理装置的循环水养殖系统的废水处理的影响,以鳗鱼循环水养殖废水为研究对象,分别设置不同DOC/DIN梯度(Dissolved Organic Carbon,DOC; Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen,DIN,C/N:0、5、10和15)进行相关研究。实验结果表明:C/N=0时(未添加碳源),反应器没有脱氮除磷的效果,NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)出现积累;随着C/N的升高,反应器脱氮除磷的效果也逐渐增加,C/N=15时去除效果显著高于其他处理组(P 0. 05),TN、NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)的去除率(RR)分别为46. 60%、43. 49%和24. 40%;在整个实验过程中,反应器的SS、TAN和NO_2~--N在C/N=0和C/N=5的去除效果显著高于C/N=10和C/N=15的去除效果(P 0. 05),并且随着C/N的升高而降低;在C/N逐渐升高的条件下,反应器的稳定性逐渐变差,反应器最高可运行的C/N为15;在低C/N(C/N=0和5)情况下,反应器絮体体积指数(SVI-30)始终小于150 mg/L,未出现絮团膨胀,系统稳定性良好;当10≤C/N≤15时,反应器呈现出絮团微膨胀,反应器的稳定性变得较差,但对反应器脱氮除磷效果没有影响。在BFT(Biofloc Technology)反应器中,反应器的ORP值与反应器的C/N呈负相关关系,可作为BFT反应器反硝化特征和优化的参数。综上可知,BFT反应器在低C/N条件下对SS、TAN、NO_2~--N具有良好的水处理效果,在C/N≥10情况下对TN、NO_3~--N和PO_4~(3-)具有良好的水处理效果,具有同步硝化反硝化(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification,SND)和除磷的作用。研究结果可为其用作RAS核心水处理装置的进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

基于SSR分子标记的Nicotiana tobacum–N.plumbaginifolia异源染色体植株的鉴定与筛选

以烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)品种云烟87的八倍体(2n=8x=96)和野生烟草N. plumbaginifolia (2n=2x=20)的基因组DNA为模板,对340对烟草SSR引物进行筛选以获得能扩增多态性条带的引物。利用多态性引物对种间杂交后代及190株回交后代的基因组DNA进行扩增,并对N.plumbaginifolia中的SSR标记的连锁情况进行简要分析。经筛选获得了多态性引物29对。结果显示,在190株后代中, 159株的基因组DNA能扩增出N. plumbaginifolia的特异SSR位点,可以判定该159株为N. tabacum的N. plumbaginifolia异源染色体植株,其余31株植株可能不含有N. plumbaginifolia的染色体。经UPGMA聚类分析,本群体中植株的遗传多样性较为丰富,部分分子标记在后代中的出现具有完全相关性。29个标记中14个可确定来源于5条不同染色体,N.plumbaginifolia的29个位点在回交后代中的扩增效率并不相同,且效率均较低(低于31.00%),说明该杂种中N. plumbaginifolia基因组的垂直传递效率较低。利用SSR分子标记可以判定云烟87八倍体与N.plumbaginifolia杂交获得的后代为真杂种,且自该远缘杂种回交后代中筛选获得大量异源染色体植株。这些结果和筛选获得异源染色体植株为进一步创制N.tabacum-N.plumbaginifolia抗黑胫病单体附加系以及易位系奠定了基础。     

Estimating symbiotic N2 fixation in Robinia pseudoacacia

Estimating symbiotic di‐nitrogen (N₂) fixation is challenging, especially when working with woody N₂ fixers in field trials. Fortunately, isotope methods based on ¹⁵N natural abundance or on ¹⁵N artificial enrichment (dilution method) make it possible to estimate the proportion of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) in N₂‐fixing species. These methods have been extensively used in the field for herbaceous species, much less for tree species such as alder and acacia, and rarely for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The objectives of this study were to characterize the fixation potential of black locust in a plantation by using the two ¹⁵N isotope methods in the field, and to document values of isotope fractionation occurring during N₂ fixation (the B value). B values were estimated both by growing trees on an N‐free medium in controlled conditions (B_lab) and by making Ndfa calculated with the natural abundance method converge with Ndfa calculated with the ¹⁵N dilution method in the field (B_field). The two methods gave consistent estimates of the B value. B values ranging between –1.4 and –3.2‰ were found, varying with the age of the plant material. Up to 76% of the N in the black locust trees came from the atmosphere, representing more than 45 kg N ha^?1 over five years and confirming that black locust may be well adapted to N‐poor soils.     

Suitability of the DNDC model to simulate yield production and nitrogen uptake for maize and soybean intercropping in the North China Plain

Intercropping is an important agronomic practice. However, assessment of intercropping systems using field experiments is often limited by time and cost. In this study, the suitability of using the DeNitrification DeComposition(DNDC) model to simulate intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and soybean(Glycine max L.) and its aftereffect on the succeeding wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) crop was tested in the North China Plain. First, the model was calibrated and corroborated to simulate crop yield and nitrogen(N) uptake based on a field experiment with a typical double cropping system. With a wheat crop in winter, the experiment included five treatments in summer: maize monoculture, soybean monoculture, intercropping of maize and soybean with no N topdressing to maize(N0), intercropping of maize and soybean with 75 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N75), and intercropping of maize and soybean with 180 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N180). All treatments had 45 kg N ha~(–1) as basal fertilizer. After calibration and corroboration, DNDC was used to simulate long-term(1955 to 2012) treatment effects on yield. Results showed that DNDC could stringently capture the yield and N uptake of the intercropping system under all N management scenarios, though it tended to underestimate wheat yield and N uptake under N0 and N75. Long-term simulation results showed that N75 led to the highest maize and soybean yields per unit planting area among all treatments, increasing maize yield by 59% and soybean yield by 24%, resulting in a land utilization rate 42% higher than monoculture. The results suggest a high potential to promote soybean production by intercropping soybean with maize in the North China Plain, which will help to meet the large national demand for soybean.     

不同氮钾配比对晒红烟碳氮代谢及化学成分的影响

研究了不同氮钾配比对吉林省蛟河晒红烟质体色素、碳氮代谢及化学成分的影响,试验结果表明随着施氮量的增加,烟叶叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性升高。在施氮量为90kg/hm ²、氮钾比为1∶2时,生长后期烟叶叶绿素和类胡萝卜含量仍然处于较高水平,阻碍烟叶碳氮正常代谢,不利于烟叶落黄成熟;而施氮量为75kg/hm ²、氮钾比为1∶3的处理碳氮代谢协调。从调制后烟叶化学成分来说,随着施氮量增加,含氮化合物含量增加,碳水化合物含量降低。随着施钾量增加,调制后烟叶钾含量明显升高。因此,在保证氮肥供应充足的情况下,适当提高植烟土壤钾肥比例,有利于提高烟叶品质。     

缓释尿素对土壤和玉米植株氮素及干物质和产量的影响

试验在等量普通尿素、磷、钾肥(纯N 60、P_2O_5120、K_2O 90 kg·hm~(-2))作种肥一次性施入玉米种下8 cm基础上,在拔节期前施入不同类型缓释尿素(纯N记160 kg·hm~(-2)),采用随机区组设4个施氮处理:树脂包膜尿素(A);硫包膜尿素(B);植物油包膜尿素(C);普通尿素(CK)。测定玉米整个生育期0～20 cm土层中硝态氮、铵态氮和全氮含量,测定植株不同器官干物质量和氮含量。结果表明缓释尿素可以提高玉米生育后期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,与普通尿素相比处理A、B、C灌浆期分别提高硝态氮20.37、29.76、5.18 mg·kg~(-1)和铵态氮8.19、2.31、1.85 mg·kg~(-1),成熟期分别提高硝态氮5.50、5.93、2.04 mg·kg~(-1)和铵态氮7.12、3.39、1.02 mg·kg~(-1);土壤全氮含量灌浆期提高0.22、0.11、0.05 mg·kg~(-1),成熟期提高0.20、0.20、0.01 mg·kg~(-1);与对照相比树脂包膜尿素(A)、硫包膜尿素(B)、植物油包膜尿素(C)干物质积累量和氮素积累量分别提高89.41、60.92、48.97 g·株-1和73.12、51.60、34.84 kg·hm~(-2),成熟期籽粒氮素吸收量提高56.98、43.58、29.36 kg·hm~(-2);缓释尿素处理较普通尿素处理增产2.22%～18.82%。三种缓释尿素处理相比较,树脂包膜尿素施用有效提高了生育后期土壤氮素含量、植株干物质积累、氮素积累和产量,施用效果最佳。     

江汉平原施氮水平对稻田CH_4和N_2O排放及水稻产量的影响

氮素是保证水稻(Oryza sative L.)产量的关键,同时也会影响稻田温室气体的排放。研究施氮水平对江汉平原地区稻田甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放和水稻产量的影响,旨在筛选出适合当地的低碳高产氮肥管理措施。以单季稻"丰两优香1号"为研究对象,设置4个施氮水平(T0:对照,0 kg N/hm2;T1:90 kg N/hm2;T2:150 kg N/hm2;T3:210 kg N/hm~2),采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对稻田CH4和N_2O排放通量进行连续监测,测定水稻产量及CH4和N_2O季节排放特征,分析综合温室效应和排放强度。结果表明,不同施氮处理下CH4和N_2O排放通量具有较为明显的季节变化规律,T2处理的CH4季节累积排放量为302.5 kg/hm2,显著大于T0、T1和T3处理,与T0相比增加CH4排放106.7%,T3处理稻田CH4季节累积排放量为160.5 kg/hm2,比T2、T1水平处理低。不同施氮处理生长季N_2O累积排放量在0.465~0.631 kg/hm2之间,T3、T2、T1处理N_2O累积排放量显著大于T0处理,但T3、T2、T1处理间差异不显著。水稻产量随着氮素水平增加而增加,100年尺度上的温室气体排放强度以T3处理最小为0.39,T2处理最大为0.79,二者差异显著(P0.05)。因此,210 kg N/hm2可推荐为江汉平原地区水稻低碳高产的适宜氮素投入量。     

不同滴灌春小麦品种的氮素吸收规律和氮营养指数

为探究滴灌春小麦氮素吸收规律和不同生育时期氮营养状况的基因型差异,以新春6号和新春35号为供试材料,设置0、75、150、225、300、375kg·hm-26个施氮水平,分析滴灌条件下不同春小麦品种在生育期内的氮素吸收曲线、临界值曲线及氮营养指数。结果表明,两个春小麦品种氮素吸收量均随施氮量的增加而增加,新春6号的氮素快速积累期早于新春35号。植株吸氮量的临界值与出苗后天数均呈极显著的二次函数关系(新春6号:y=-0.174 6x2+22.528x+414.02,R2=0.998**;新春35号:y=-0.169 9x2+20.832x+357.13,R2=0.993**)。依据氮营养指数计算,两个春小麦品种的适宜施氮量均在225~300kg·hm-2范围,且应适当降低出苗后25d之前和提高出苗后35d的施氮量。