Application of bovine microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis of European bison (Bison bonasus)

In this study, the cross‐amplification of a commercial multiplex set of 11 cattle (Bos taurus) microsatellites was tested on a panel of 35 European bison (Bison bonasus) individuals. After polymerase chain reaction optimization, all loci cross‐amplified successfully in investigated bisons. Number of alleles and observed and expected heterozygosity per locus are in the range of 2–4, 0.086–0.629 and 0.288–0.621 respectively. The availability of a heterologous set of multiplexed microsatellite markers derived from cattle opens an avenue for collecting profound genetic data for efficient conservation management strategies of the European bison.     

动物性别决定的分子机理及性别鉴定与控制新技术

哺乳动物中位于Ｙ染色体短臂临界区域的ＳＲＹ基因启动雄性性状的发育。该基因在生殖腺脊中的表达可激发下游基因ＭＬＳ的转录,引起缪氏体抑制物和睾酮分泌,促使睾丸组织器官的发育。针对该基因制备特异探针或产该区域片段得到引物对就可用ＦＩＳＨ或ＰＣＲ准确,快速鉴定出植入母体前的胚胎性别,以及对精子筛选分离的结果作出准确评价。与ＰＣＲ相比,ＦＩＳＨ技术更具检测优势。     

Molecular mapping of powdery mildew resistance genes in wheat: A review

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (syn. Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici), is one of the most important diseases of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Molecular mapping and cloning of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in hexaploid wheat will facilitate the study of molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to powdery mildew diseases and help understand the structure and function of powdery mildew resistance genes, and permit marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. So far, 48 genes/alleles for resistance to powdery mildew at 32 loci have been identified and located on 16 different chromosomes, of which 21 resistance genes/alleles have been tagged by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random-amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs), sequence-tagged sites (STS) or simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for adult plant resistance (APR) to powdery mildew have been associated with molecular markers. The detailed information on chromosomal location and molecular mapping of these genes has been reviewed. Isolation of powdery mildew resistance genes and development of valid molecular markers for pyramiding resistance genes in breeding programs is also discussed.     

双孢蘑菇性亲和性相关分子标记的初步筛选

以传统的形态，生理生化分析和最新的DCS－PDMA性亲和性测定方法为基础， 结合群体分离分析和RAPD技术来源于同一双孢蘑菇异核体菌株的12个不育同核原生质体个体进行分析，筛选与性亲和性相关的分子标记。研究结果表明，供试的12个不育同核原生质体个体被分成两大类性亲和性类型，其中一类（A^ ）包括不育同核原生质体个体B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J、L，另一类（A^-）则仅仅包括不育同核原生质体个体K和M，同时筛选到一个与性亲和性相关的分子标记OPA16 1500。从而为间地利用双孢蘑菇本身特有的交配型作标记来指导杂交育种工作和进一步将性亲和性基因定位分离克隆奠定了坚实的基础。     

葫芦耐湿涝遗传改良方法研究进展

培育高耐湿涝的葫芦品种是一项应对湿害和涝害的重要措施。根据有关文献综述了葫芦科作物在耐湿涝遗传改良方面的研究进展,主要包括葫芦耐湿涝野生资源及其进化,基于生理的包括根的形态、保护酶活性、叶绿素含量、光合速率等主要指标与相关分子标记的葫芦耐湿涝鉴定,加快葫芦耐湿涝的选育进程,以及利用基因工程转入包括活性氧清除、胁迫蛋白等在内的外源基因,提高葫芦的耐湿涝性。并对目前葫芦耐湿涝遗传改良过程中存在的问题及未来的应对策略进行了探讨与展望。     

Cytological and genetical studies of a male sterile celery

Summary The inheritance and nature fo male sterility of a cerley (Apium graveolens L.) strain (MS1) is reported. Male sterility in MS1 is determined by a a recessive genotype for a single locus. Tests for linkage with the isozyme chromosome markers SDH-1 and PGM-1 were negative. MS1 male sterility was associated with a defective tapetum characterized by prominent vacuoles and premature degeneration. The stamens in the male sterile strain persisted in the flowers up to stigma receptivity, while in the male fertile plants they dropped before style expansion. The male sterile flowers produced normal amounts of nectar, resulting in cross pollination by various species of pollinators. It was estimated that the sterile strain produced 30% less seed than normal male fertile. Its possible use for hybrid celery seed production is discussed.Research supported by grants from the California Celery Research Board and BARD I-483-82.     

Application of long‐chain alcohols as diet‐composition markers in sheep fed on grass–white clover and heather–gorse plant species

Utilization of long‐chain alcohols (LCOH) as diet‐composition markers in sheep consuming six diets composed of improved pasture species (Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens) with heather–gorse components (Erica spp., Calluna vulgaris and Ulex gallii) was evaluated. Twenty‐four adult cross‐bred sheep were housed in individual stalls. Diet composition was estimated from LCOH concentrations, combined or not with alkanes and long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) data using least‐squares procedures. Prior to calculations, faecal concentrations were corrected using mean treatment (faecal recovery 1, FR1) recoveries and mean recoveries across diets (FR2). Estimates were compared with those obtained without faecal correction (FR0) and known values. Large differences between plant species and plant parts were found in LCOH patterns and total LCOH concentrations. LCOH provided complementary information to that given by alkanes and LCFA. Even‐chain LCOH comprised the largest fraction, representing on average 0·894 of total concentrations. Faecal recovery was incomplete and tended to increase with carbon‐chain length (CCL) in a curvilinear manner (FR = ?7·872 + 0·580 × CCL ? 0·010 × CCL²; P < 0·001; r² = 0·752). Diet composition influenced (P < 0·001) LCOH recovery, although variability within (CV of 9·0%) and between (CV of 13·3%) diets was low. Accuracy of estimates was influenced (P < 0·001) by faecal‐correction method and markers used, and the best estimate was obtained combining LCOH and alkanes. Improvement in estimate accuracy can be achieved if suitable correction of LCOH faecal concentrations is performed prior to calculations. Results indicated that LCOH showed lower dependence than alkanes and LCFA on the use of accurate faecal‐correction data.     

南瓜抗CMV基因的RAPD分子标记筛选

以抗病自交系K01和感病自交系K02杂交后自交所得的F2群体为材料,采用分离群体分析法筛选与南瓜抗CMV基因连锁的RAPD分子标记。通过520个随机引物和310组双引物的RAPD扩增分析,共找到了2个与南瓜抗CMV亲本K01中的抗病基因相连锁的分子标记S4391400和S19 S345600。这2个标记与K01的抗病基因的重组率分别为7.5%和11.8%,遗传距离分别为7.1和11.7 cM。     

烟草早花生理与分子机理的研究进展

概述了烟草早花的诱导途径、早花生理信号及成花基因的诱导和表达等。     

富集文库－菌落原位杂交法筛选栉孔扇贝的微卫星标记

应用微卫星富集文库─菌落原位杂交法,筛选得到了40个栉孔扇贝的微卫星标记.用固定了(AG)15和(AC)15探针的尼龙膜(Hybond N )捕捉含有微卫星DNA的片段,经洗脱、PCR扩增和TA克隆,构建栉孔扇贝的微卫星富集文库.利用ECL试剂盒(Amersham公司)标记的(AG)15和(AC)15探针进行菌落原位杂交筛选微卫星富集文库,阳性克隆经测序获得微卫星DNA.富集文库中1200个重组克隆经过菌落原位杂交后,532个(44.3%)为阳性克隆.任意挑选100个克隆测序,结果显示所有的克隆都至少含有一个微卫星位点.利用软件设计了65对特异性PCR引物,40对能扩增出清晰的带谱;利用48个栉孔扇贝个体评价微卫星位点,分析表明37个位点具有多态性.不同的位点获得的等位基因数目为2～14个不等,37个多态性位点共获得258个等位基因,平均每个位点获得7.0个等位基因.观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)及多态性信息含量值(PIC)的范围分别为0.1000～1.0000、0.1197～0.9831和0.1172～0.9782.结果表明,富集文库─菌落原位杂交法适合大规模筛选目标物种的微卫星标记.