不跨越边界基于Horvitz-Thompson估计量的分层自适应群团抽样

提出一种新的不跨越边界的基于Horvitz-Thompson估计量的分层自适应群团抽样方法,给出其估计量公式,并证明其无偏性。将9种抽样方法(简单随机抽样、分层简单随机抽样、基于修正Hansen-Hurwitz估计量的ACS、基于修正Horvitz-Thompson估计量的ACS、跨越边界基于Hansen-Hurwitz估计量的ACSI、跨越边界基于Hansen-Hurwitz估计量的ACSII、不跨越边界基于修正Hansen-Hurwitz估计量的ACS、跨越边界基于修正Horvitz-Thompson估计量的ACS、不跨越边界基于修正Horvitz-Thompson估计量的ACS)应用于中国乌兰布和沙漠边缘植被花棒密度调查,并对比9种抽样方法精度。结果表明:不跨越边界的基于Horvitz-Thompson估计量的分层自适应群团抽样的效果最佳;分层的抽样方法比不分层的抽样方法效率要高。     

Estimating fiber for lechuguilla (Agave lecheguilla Torr., Agavaceae), a traditional non-timber forest product in Mexico

Lechuguilla (Agave lecheguilla) plants are amongst non-timber forest products that are an important source of income for the inhabitants of the arid and semiarid regions of Mexico. There are however, no management programs to promote and protect this resource. In the present study a reliable, non-destructive and easy-to-follow method to estimate yield of lechuguilla fiber in wild populations was developed. A table for estimation of dry fiber production per plant was generated selecting height of cogollo multiplied by its diameter as the independent variable, using a quadratic polynomial regression equation. Using this table in the field would allow a quick and reliable estimation of lechuguilla fiber yield in natural populations.     

Preventive control and Desert Locust plagues

The original locust control strategy assumed that plagues arose when swarms escaped from outbreak areas and bred successfully in the surrounding invasion area. Thus, control within outbreak areas could prevent plagues. Plague prevention was achieved for species with small, relatively accessible outbreak areas providing resources allocated to preventive control allowed continuous monitoring and rapid treatment as outbreaks appeared. Plague prevention was less successful for species such as the Australian Plague Locust and the Desert Locust in which pre-plague bands and swarms develop and migrate within very large geographical areas. The success of preventive control can be demonstrated, however, by comparing population size and distribution before and after the strategy was implemented using effective control techniques. Some but not all recent plagues of the Australian Plague Locust have been prevented and, although the frequency of Desert Locust plagues has not declined in the last 40 years, their duration and extent has been sufficiently reduced to achieve the original objective of keeping major agricultural zones in the invasion area locust free. In Australia, substantial resources and the latest technology were available to implement early intervention and its success has been clearly demonstrated. We used a simple model to quantify the case for early intervention in Desert Locust campaigns and our simulations suggest that applying even a conservative rate of control from the beginning of an upsurge as part of early intervention would further reduce the size of upsurges and plagues and would contribute to a better managed Desert Locust population.     

宁夏沙坡头人工植被区土壤真菌种群的动态研究(英文)

[Objective] The changes of fungi in different soil layers and sand dunes of artificial vegetation areas in Ningxia Shapotou during different times were studied. [Method]The number of soil fungi in different soil layers at same plot and in same soil layer at different plots were changed significantly.The quantitative distribution of fungi was the most in Cuiliugou but the fewest in quicksand among all soil types.[Result] The quantity of soil fungi in grasslands was varied in different soil layers at the same sample and in the same soil layer at different sample plots. The quantity of fungi from different soil types distributed mostly in Cuiliugou, a natural desert steppe, but little in quicksand. The species and quantity of fungi in CuiLiugou was the most in different types of sand-fixing lands. [Conclusion] The quantity of soil fungi in artificial vegetation areas raises with the increase of sand-fixing ages, The enhancement of vegetation construction and artificial management measures in inland is helpful for improving present situation of desertification.     

荒漠草原土壤养分和植物群落稳定性对不同管理方式的响应

以宁夏短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,研究不同管理方式(放牧、补播改良和封育)对土壤养分及植物群落稳定性的影响,并分析土壤养分与植物群落稳定性之间的相关性.结果表明:不同管理方式对荒漠草原0～40 cm土壤养分含量影响显著,封育和补播有利于土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的积累,中等强度的自由放牧较封育降低了土壤有机质、水解氮和速效钾含量;土壤养分的垂直分布规律并不一致,土壤有机质含量和全氮含量5~15 cm土层高于表层,而速效磷含量和速效钾含量表现为0～5 cm最高.不同管理方式下的荒漠草原植物群落均处于不稳定阶段,相比之下封育5年和7年草地植物群落稳定性较高;群落稳定性与土壤速效钾含量成显著正相关关系,与其他养分含量无显著相关性.     

Shrub presence and shrub species effects on ground beetle assemblages (Carabidae,Curculionidae and Tenebrionidae) in a sandy desert,northwestern China

Shrub presence has an important effect on the structuring of ground beetles in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and different species influence ground beetle assemblages in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, namely Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, we sampled the ground beetles using pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn in 2012. At the community level, the activity density of the ground beetles was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring; but an opposite pattern occurred in autumn, suggesting the presence of season-specific shrub effects on the activity density of the ground beetles. Meanwhile, at the trophic group level, the activity density and species richness of predators were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring, whereas an opposite trend occurred on the activity density in autumn. N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of herbivores in the three seasons, and C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on the activity density of detritivores in spring and autumn. At the species level, more Microdera sp. was captured under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats in spring. During the same time, we also found that C. mongolicum shrubs had a positive effect on Blaps gobiensis in spring, Carabus sp. in autumn, and Tentyria sp. in spring and autumn, and N. sphaerocarpa shrubs had a positive effect on Cyphogenia chinensis, Sternoplax setosa in spring and summer, and Curculionidae sp. 1 in summer and autumn. The study results suggest that shrub presence, shrub species and season variation are important factors for ground beetle assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of beetles differed among trophic and taxonomic levels.     

宁夏荒漠草原4种典型植物群落土壤活性有机碳垂直分布特征

以荒漠草原赖草（Leymus secalinus）、蒙古冰草（Agropyron mongolicum）、针茅（Stipa capillata）和白草（Penniseturn centrasiaticum）群落4种典型群落为研究对象,分析不同群落土壤活性有机碳（SLOC）的垂直分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明：不同典型群落SLOC垂直分布特征具有明显差异,赖草群落、蒙古冰草群落和白草群落SLOC含量在0~100 cm垂直分布表现为先增加后降低的趋势,浅根型的针茅群落SLOC含量垂直分布则持续降低,白草和赖草群落SLOC含量在10~20 cm最大,针茅和蒙古冰草群落SLOC含量在0~10 cm最大。相关性分析结果显示,SLOC与土壤总有机碳含量呈现极显著相关性（R²=0.9595）;与土壤理化性质等因子相关性比较,SLOC更依赖于植被覆盖度、地上生物量和地表枯落物,尤其是地表枯落物与SLOC的相关性更高。表明除了植被和根系分布特征,荒漠草原的枯落物对SLOC垂直分布特征有更大的影响。     

基于FY-2气象卫星的塔克拉玛干沙漠黑风暴天气判识方法研究

塔克拉玛干沙漠是我国西部最主要的沙尘暴源区,利用FY-2C、FY-2D静止气象卫星数据并结合FY-3A/VIRR极轨气象卫星数据,对塔克拉玛干沙漠"冷空气东灌型"和"冷空气翻山型"两类黑风暴天气过程的起源、移动、加强和扩散演变进行了多星动态监测,并应用国家卫星气象中心沙漠和半干旱地区大气中沙尘强度的表征参量〔IDDI〕产品对阈值进行了验证,确定了黑风暴的判识阈值方法。结果表明:先用空间分辨率高的FY-3极轨气象卫星数据对大范围的沙尘进行初步判识,再用时间分辨率高的FY-2静止卫星数据对塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙尘进行动态监测,此种沙尘判识的方法不仅是可行的,而且能快速、准确地确定沙尘暴的发生、发展以及影响的区域。对沙尘的定量化判识具有较高的精度,弥补了荒漠地区常规沙尘天气资料短缺的不足。     

塔里木沙漠公路生态防护林沿线土壤表层盐分特征

根据56个土壤表层样品、49个水样的分析,探讨了塔里木沙漠公路生态防护林带沿线土壤表层盐分的基本特征,并研究了防护林沿线土壤盐分的分布规律。结果表明:表层土壤具有盐分含量高、表聚性强烈的特征;地下水矿化度与地下水电导率、土壤电导率与土壤盐分含量均呈现极显著相关性,土壤盐分属于碱性钠型氯化物。     

Dynamic changes of a typical linear dune in the Tengger Desert

The dynamical processes of a typical linear dune including morphological features, dune ridge swing range and crest height were investigated at different monitoring periods in the hinterland of Tengger Desert. The results indicated that the development of linear dune depends on not only the northwesterly prevailing wind, but also the winds from northeast and southwest. The dune ridge swayed along its fundamental strike and took on an eastward movement gradually. The original dune strike was NW70° on August 3, 1994, and then changed to NE15° on April 21, 2001. The dune crest increased by 1.8 m longitudinally, which manifested strong wind-blown sand activities in this region. Wind erosion frequently occured at the bottom of sand dune, while sand accumulation appeared on its mid-upper section. The mean wind erosion depth was 25 cm on the bottom of linear dune and the height difference of the control points on the dune's ridge was 1.13 m. Although the linear dune swayed laterally, the horizontal displacement of its ridge moved eastward 5.8 m averagely. The swing range of the dune crest line is very distinct, with a maximum value of 13.2 m. The highest site on the K-profile swayed on both sides of the dune ridge and the heights were 19.88 m at the control point K5, 19.61 m at K6 and 19.05 m at K7, respectively. The results indicated that the lateral swing of the linear dune was distinct under the northwesterly wind and it moved toward east gradually.