中国农牧与风水蚀交错区的空间格局与生态恢复

运用遥感与 GIS为技术支撑 ,以专家知识为依据 ,从而定量计算出中国的农牧与风水蚀交错区。在此基础上 ,阐述二者在空间上的分布特征。风水蚀交错区主要分布于我国大兴安岭 -阴山 ,秦岭 -祁连山一线分布的区域 ,农牧交错区主要分布于辽宁与内蒙古接壤处 ,山西北部 ,陕西北部 ,到甘肃东部 ,秦岭以北 ,六盘山以东的地区 ,二者在空间格局上的不重合 ,使得我国 ,特别是北方地区存在两个生态脆弱区 ,这样对环境产生不利影响。进而从生态重建的角度提出治理对策。     

我国西部农村特色农业发展中几个问题的思考

从区域优势、商品经济、市场需求和服务体系4个方面。探讨了我国西部农村的特色农业发展。认为：（1）区域优势是发展特色农业的基础，特色农产品在产量、尤其在品质上与其他地区相比，需具有明显的优势；（2）商品经济是发展特色农业的根本，特色农产品应该是绿色产品，且具有较强的市场竞争力和品牌效益。以及与市场容量相适宜的规模；（3）市场需求是发展特色农业的关键，需要通过大力发展农产品的深加工业，改变人们的消费形式来扩展和创造市场需求。树立市场风险意识，加强对市场风险的分析判断来避免市场风险。建立产业化组织与农民之间利益共享，风险共担的经营机制，探索农业生产风险的商业保险机制，完善农产品价格保护和价格补贴制度，建立农产品风险基金制度来抵御市场风险；（4）服务体系是发展特色农业的重点。建立市场化的农村社会化服务新体系，包括农产品的生产、加工、储藏、运输、销售等系列化服务，尤其是要加强技术服务、信息服务和销售服务。     

福建省农业机械化现状与发展

分析了福建省农业机械化的现状及制约因素，借鉴日本国、台湾省实现农业机械化的成功经验，进而从福建的实际出发，探讨了农业机械化的发展。     

农用物资调配决策支持系统

该文研制和设计了农用物资调配决策支持系统，从而为农用物资管理部门实现计算机管理提供了理论依据。     

农作系统研究方法在持续农作系统发展研究中的应用

农作系统方法可划分为农作系统分析和农作系统研究。在发展中国家农作系统方法已被广泛地应用于改善农场技术和提高土地生产率。在西方国家已将这一方法应用于研究和发展持续农作系统。本文将简要介绍农作系统方法以及在研究和发展持续农作系统中的应用，并对研究结果进行综述。     

Sustainable Management of Nutrients in Forage-Based Pasture Soils: Effect of Animal Congregation Sites (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Grazing animals have a dominant effect on the movement and utilization of nutrients through the soil and plant system, and thus on the fertility of pasture soils. Grazing can accelerate and alter the timing of nutrient transfers, and increase the amount of nutrients cycled from plant to soil. Long periods, position of shade, and water resources for grazing cattle can influence the spatial distribution of soil biochemical properties including soil organic carbon (C), total extractable inorganic nitrogen (TEIN), and Melich 1 extractable total phosphorus (TP). The objective of this study is to test whether cattle congregation sites typical on most Florida ranches, such as mineral feeders, water troughs, and shade areas are more nutrient-rich and may contribute more nutrients to surface and groundwater supply than in other pasture locations under Florida conditions. Materials and Methods: Baseline soil samples around and beneath three congregations sites in established (>10 yr) grazed beef cattle pastures at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Subtropical Agricultural Research Station (STARS), Brooksville, FL, were collected in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Results: The levels of soil TEIN and TP were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by the interaction of congregation sites and distance away from the center of the sites. Mineral feeders had the highest concentration of TP followed by shades and water troughs. The concentrations of soil TP decreased almost linearly with distance (x = meter) away from the center of the mineral feeders (-5.24x + 55.10; R2 = 0.92; p ≤ 0.001) and the shades (-6.25x + 57.21; R2 = 0.85; p ≤ 0.001). However, the level of TP around the water troughs (-0.25x + 16.91; R2 = 0.09) does not appear to change significantly with distance, staying close to about 13-18 mg kg-1. The levels of TEIN decreased linearly with distance away from the mineral feeders from the center of the shades. A linear model can describe the relationship between TEIN and distance away from the center of shades: -11.3x + 78.2; R2 = 0.95; p ≤ 0.001. The shaded sites (34.25 ± 1.7 mg kg-1) had higher levels than the mineral feeders (7.22 ± 0.60 mg kg-1) or water troughs (10.06 ± 0.8 mg kg-1) sites. Discussion: The higher soil TP near and around the mineral feeders can be attributed to the presence of phosphorus in the supplemental feeds. The average level of soil TP in the mineral feeders of 34.05 ± 0.44 mg kg-1 was not high enough to be of environmental concern. Losses of soil phosphorus by overland flow are becoming a big concern when the concentrations for soil phosphorus exceeded 150 mg kg-1 in the upper 20 cm of soils. With TN, the shaded sites (34.25 ± 1.7 mg kg-1) had either higher levels than the mineral feeders (7.22 ± 0.60 mg kg-1) or water trough (10.06 ± 0.80 mg kg-1) sites. Higher TEIN content at the shade sites may have been more likely due to frequent urination of animals and lack of vegetation immediately adjacent to shades. The lack of vegetation within and/or near the shades then had no uptake mechanism for removal of inorganic nitrogen, unlike the heavy demand for inorganic nitrogen by bahiagrass in other areas of the pasture. An accumulation of TEIN immediately adjacent to shades could lead to a potential point source that would be susceptible to leaching or gaseous losses to the environment. Conclusions: Early results of the study are suggesting that cattle congregation sites in beef cattle operations in Florida are not nutrient-rich, therefore may not contribute more nutrients to surface and groundwater supply under Florida conditions. Recommendations and Perspectives: Since there is no apparent vertical build up or horizontal movement of TEIN and TP in the landscape, we can then surmise that cattle congregation sites may be considered not a potential source of nutrients at the watershed level, at least on the sand ridge soils in Florida. Further research is continuing, including sampling at cattle congregation sites at other locations in north and south Florida, which started in July 2004.     

Effects of different management practices on the soil–water balance and crop yield for improved dryland farming in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different soil management practices on the water balance, precipitation use efficiency (PUE), and crop yield (i.e. winter wheat and peanut) on a loess soil near Luoyang (east edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau, Henan Province, China). Field plots were set up in 1999 including following soil management practices: subsoiling with mulch (SS), no-till with mulch (NT), reduced tillage (RT), two crops per year (i.e. winter wheat and peanut, TC), and a conventional tillage control (CT). The field plots were equipped to monitor all components of the soil–water balance except evapotranspiration, which was computed by solving the water balance equation. The results showed that although soil management had smaller influence on the magnitude of the water balance components than did precipitation variations, small influences of the applied soil management practices on water conservation during the fallow period can greatly affect winter wheat yield. SS increased consistently precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) and PUE over the 5 years compared to CT except during the wettest year. NT also had a noticeable effect on postharvest water storage during the fallow period; however, the influence on yield of NT depended on the amount of precipitation. TC lowered the winter wheat yield mainly due to the unfavorable soil moisture conditions after growing peanut in summer; however, the harvested peanut gained an extra profit for the local farmer. No matter which kind of soil management practices was adapted, PSE never exceeded 41.6%, which was primarily attributed to high evapotranspiration. From data of five consecutive agricultural years between 2000 and 2005, it could be concluded that SS resulted in the highest PSE, PUE and crop yield. TC also showed promising results considering the economic value of the second crop. NT performed slightly less as SS. CT gave intermediate results, whereas RT was the worst alternative.     

一种土壤电导率实时分析仪的试验研究

开发了一种适合我国较小地块应用的便携式土壤电导率实时分析仪,室内性能试验表明,探针在Wenner组态和Schlumberger组态条件下,仪器输出电压与土壤电导率具有一致的变化趋势,特别是在Schlumberger组态某结构下,传感器获得了最高的测量精度.对实验结果进行了非线性回归建模,采用的3个模型分别是幂函数模型、多项式模型和指数模型,模型分析结果显示,幂函数模型具有最优的预测结果,模型测定系数达到0.994.幂函数模型的常数项与传感器结构有关,乘幂项则不随传感器结构参数变化,而受土壤质地、土壤密度等因素的影响.模型还需要通过田间试验进一步验证.     

农业机械机器视觉导航研究

该文对农业机械机器视觉导航的关键问题图像处理和路径控制进行了深入的研究,采用基于Hough变换和动态窗口技术的图像处理算法提取自然环境下的导航特征,根据系统辨识试验的结果和农业机械机器视觉导航的特点建立了仿真模型,并在通用型轮式拖拉机上建立试验系统对图像处理和控制算法进行验证,取得了良好的试验结果.