Temporal associations between low body condition,lameness and milk yield in a UK dairy herd

Previous work has hypothesised that cows in low body condition become lame. We tested this in a prospective longitudinal study. Body condition score (BCS), causes of lameness and milk yield were collected from a 600-cow herd over 44-months. Mixed effect binomial models and a continuous outcome model were used to investigate the associations between lameness, BCS and milk yield. In total, 14,320 risk periods were obtained from 1137 cows. There were 1510 lameness treatments: the most common causes of lameness were sole ulcer (SU) (39%), sole haemorrhage (SH) (13%), digital dermatitis (DD) (10%) and white line disease (WLD) (8%). These varied by year and year quarter. Body condition was scored at 60-day intervals. BCS ranged from 1 to 5 with a mean of 2.5, scores were higher in very early lactation but varied widely throughout lactation; approximately 45% of scores were <2.5. The key finding was that BCS < 2.5 was associated with an increased risk of treatment for lameness in the following 0–2 months and >2–4 months for all causes of lameness and also specifically for SU/WLD lameness. BCS < 2.5 was associated with an increased risk of treatment for SH in the following 0–2 months but not >2–4 months. There was no such association with DD. All lameness, SU/WLD, SH and DD were significantly more likely to occur in cows that had been lame previously, but the effect of BCS was present even when all repeat cases of lameness were excluded from the analysis. Milk yield was significantly higher and fell in the month before treatment in cows lame with SU/WLD but it was not significantly higher for cows that were treated for DD compared with non-lame cows. These findings support the hypothesis that low BCS contributes to the development of horn related claw lameness but not infectious claw diseases in dairy cows. One link between low BCS and lameness is a thin digital cushion which has been proposed as a trigger for claw horn disease. Cows with BCS 2 produced more milk than cows with BCS 2.5, however, this was only approximately 100 kg difference in yield over a 305-day lactation. Given the increased risk of lameness in cows with BCS 2, the direct costs of lameness and the small variability in milk yield by BCS, preventing cows from falling to BCS < 2.5 would improve cow welfare and be economically beneficial.     

不同播量拉巴豆与青贮玉米混播对草地生产性能及牧草品质的影响

为探究宁夏雨养区不同播量拉巴豆(Dolichos lablab)与青贮玉米(Zeamays)混播对草地生产性能和牧草品质的影响,本试验采用随机区组设计,以不同播量(0 kg·hm-2,22.5 kg·hm-2,45.0 kg·hm-2,67.5 kg·hm-2,90.0 kg·hm-2)的拉巴豆与青贮玉米混播,并运用灰...     

基于Landsat数据的条件植被温度指数升尺度转换方法

以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,应用点扩散函数、混合像素面积权重法和中值像素变异权重法将基于Landsat卫星遥感数据反演的分辨率为30 m的条件植被温度指数(VTCI)干旱监测结果上推至930 m的干旱监测结果,并与Aqua MODIS数据反演的分辨率为930 m的VTCI干旱监测结果进行对比分析,以期为两种空间尺度的干旱监测结果的综合应用提供技术支持。以MODIS数据反演的VTCI为参考,应用相关系数、均方根误差、半变异函数的估计值和图像纹理特征等对尺度上推的VTCI进行评价。结果表明,点扩散函数和混合像素面积权重法的尺度上推效果均较好,而中值像素变异权重法的尺度上推效果较差,说明点扩散函数和混合像素面积权重法均适用于研究区域VTCI干旱监测结果的尺度转换,且点扩散函数的数据处理过程更为简单。典型样点VTCI的尺度上推结果表明,空间异质性越小,尺度上推的结果越好。     

不同播种时间对黑麦草与苜蓿混播种植下生产性能的试验研究

为了探索陕西高海拔地区黑麦草与苜蓿进行混播种植栽培条件,通过不同播种时间对黑麦草与苜蓿混播种植下生产性能的试验。结果表明：冬牧70黑麦品种的出苗时间、分蘖时间及返青时间等随着播种时间的延长而延长,其孕穗时间、抽穗时间、开花时间及刈割时间在8月中旬与9月中旬相一致,冬牧70黑麦品种的适宜播种时间以9-10月,9月下旬较好;甘农9号苜蓿的出苗时间、现蕾时间、初花时间及头茬刈割时间随着播种时间的延长而延长,适宜播种时间以9月下旬较好;冬牧70黑麦草在3个不同的播种期株高和株数存在极显著的差异（P＜0.01）,其倒伏率均为0%,在9月中旬种植的黑麦草产草量性状最优;甘农9号一茬与二茬苜蓿亩均鲜草量和亩均干草量在3个不同的播种期存在极显著的差异（P＜0.01）,在9月中旬种植的苜蓿产草量性状最优。重要试验结果为陕西高海拔地区黑麦草与苜蓿进行混播种植栽培技术,提高饲草的产量和质量具有重要的指导作用。     

龙牧807苜蓿选育报告

从龙牧803(Medicago sativa L.cv.Longmu 803)苜蓿群体中选择优秀单株,通过无性扦插繁殖,3次混合选择、开放授粉及品种比较试验、区域与生产试验,历经12年育成龙牧807苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.Longmu807)新品种。该品种株型直立,在黑龙江省地区4月中下旬返青,生育期120 d左右,开花期株高75.7~105.3cm,成熟期株高98.5~133.8 cm。2年生干草产量为11739.14 kg·hm^-2,比对照龙牧803苜蓿(9797.99 kg·hm^-2)增产17.10%;种子产量284.60 kg·hm^-2,比对照(230.00 kg·hm^-2)增产18.25%。初花期粗蛋白含量19.38%,适口性好,饲用品质优良。其抗性强,生态适应性广,适宜在黑龙江省各地及毗邻省区推广种植。     

燕麦与毛苕子混播试验初报

通过对比试验的方法，进行了燕麦与毛苕子混播试验，结果表明：B处理鲜草产量明显高于其它处理，其抗倒伏性能随毛苕子播量的增加而降低。B处理的燕麦与毛苕子植株增高幅度也最大。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL AGGREGATE INLARCH AND LARCH-WALNUT FORESTS

Theinfluenceofpureormixedforestonsoilpropertiesandtheproductivityofstandhasbeenagreatinteresttoforesters.Theauthour,throughalongperoidofresearchwork'foundthatLarch-Walnutmixedforestimprovedthephysicochemicalpropertiesofsoilandincreasedsoilferti1ity,andthattheacidationofsoilunderLarchforestwasalong-termprocess.Toinquireintothechangesinsoilproperties,water-stableaggregateofthesoilwasspeciallystudiedandsatisfactoryresulthasbeenrecieved.It'savailabletousethean1ountofaggregateasanindicatortotheeff…     

Spatial preference heterogeneity in policies for improving urban green spaces

Urban green spaces (UGSs) enhance the quality of urban dwellers’ lives. Thus, efficient policies for improving UGSs—which should reflect urban residents’ needs—are necessary. Additionally, it is crucial to manage the spatial distribution of residents’ preferences to find regions that can produce greater utility within limited budgets. Using online surveys conducted in 2015, which obtained 414 valid responses, this study analyzed urban residents’ preferences for UGS improvement policies and investigated spatial preference heterogeneity for such policies in the planned city of Seongnam, South Korea. A mixed logit model was applied to analyze policy preferences, and the preference heterogeneity level was assessed by coefficient of variation. Additionally, hot spot analysis was performed to examine spatial heterogeneity. The Getis-ord Gi* was computed to identify the spatial clusters of the estimated coefficients and the marginal willingness to pay (WTP). The results indicated a high preference for enhancing quality and connectivity. While the results showed that preference heterogeneity existed in each UGS improvement policy, heterogeneity levels differed per attribute. Statistically significant local spatial clusters of estimated coefficients and marginal WTP were observed for each UGS improvement policy despite global autocorrelation being insignificant. It was observed that estimate coefficients with low coefficient of variation can make extensive spatial clusters; otherwise, the opposite trend might occur. Additionally, marginal WTP hot spots did not change according to attribute but appeared in similar locations. Therefore, spatial heterogeneity analysis is necessary to manage UGSs with higher net utilities given limited budgets. These findings will ensure the satisfaction of all urban residents by identifying their preferences for UGS policies. They will also help prioritize cost-effective implementation of policy considering spatial preference heterogeneity.     

马尾松木荷混交林林分结构和土壤肥力研究

对马尾松木荷混交林与马尾松纯林林分生长、径阶分布及土壤理化性质研究表明 :马尾松与木荷以 2∶1比例行状混交 ,马尾松生长快 ,林分各径阶呈正态分布 ,林分生产力高、结构稳定。马尾松木荷混交林不仅提高土壤通透性和蓄水性 ,促进土壤良好结构形成 ,而且增加土壤养分含量 ,改善土壤肥力状况     

杉观混交林中杉木和纯林杉木生长特点差异

通过对杉木观光木混交林杉木与纯林杉木生长特性的比较分析,结果表明10a生前混交林杉木与纯林杉木树高生长比较接近.10 a生后直至27 a生混交林杉木树高生长始终大于纯林杉木.混交林中杉木在与观光木的竞争中始终处于优势地位,因此它的胸径、材积生长始终比纯林杉木大.4～11a生时纯林杉木种内竞争比较激烈.