Medium-term effects of corn biochar addition on soil biota activities and functions in a temperate soil cropped to corn

Biochar addition to soil has been generally associated with crop yield increases observed in some soils, and increased nutrient availability is one of the mechanisms proposed. Any impact of biochar on soil organisms can potentially translate to changes in nutrient availability and crop productivity, possibly explaining some of the beneficial and detrimental yield effects reported in literature. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess the medium-term impact of biochar addition on microbial and faunal activities in a temperate soil cropped to corn and the consequences for their main functions, litter decomposition and mineralization. Biochar was added to a corn field at rates of 0, 3, 12, 30 tons ha⁻¹ three years prior to this study, in comparison to an annual application of 1 t ha⁻¹.Biochar application increased microbial abundance, which nearly doubled at the highest addition rate, while mesofauna activity, and litter decomposition facilitated by mesofauna were not increased significantly but were positively influenced by biochar addition when these responses were modeled, and in the last case directly and positively associated to the higher microbial abundance. In addition, in short-term laboratory experiments after the addition of litter, biochar presence increased NO₂ + NO₃ mineralization, and decreased that of SO₄ and Cl. However, those nutrient effects were not shown to be of concern at the field scale, where only some significant increases in SOC, pH, Cl and PO₄ were observed.Therefore, no negative impacts in the soil biota activities and functions assessed were observed for the tested alkaline biochar after three years of the application, although this trend needs to be verified for other soil and biochar types.     

Burrowing ability of the earthworm Aporrectodea longa limited by soil compaction and water potential

Summary Adult earthworms (Aporrectodea longa) were maintained for 199 days in soil columns (h=30 cm; ø=10 cm) where the water potential ranged from -7 to-65 kPa and compaction from 50 to 350 kPa. The weight of casts on the soil surface was measured at the end of two periods of activity (spring and autumn). Cast production increased with bulk density, but the activity of earthworms was limited both by the mechanical strength of the soil and by decreasing water potential. The results obtained in the laboratory conditions of this study were consistent with field observations on casting and burrowing activities. The effects of water potential and soil compaction on these activities were estimated.     

基于二分类Logistic回归模型的太行山丘陵区县域耕地资源潜力估算

耕地红线划定与人-地资源矛盾日益突出背景下,耕地资源潜力的研究与开发日显重要。我国耕地面积近2/3分布在山区,因此山区耕地资源的合理开发利用及其资源潜力的研究尤为重要。本文以华北地区的太行山为研究区域,选择耕地占比和资源潜力最大的丘陵区典型县——河北省井陉县为研究案例,选取13个影响耕地资源潜力的基本生态要素,包括5个地形要素和8个直接气象要素或由气象要素计算得到的间接气象要素,引入二分类Logistic回归分析方法,运用偏最大似然估计向前引入法的拟合方法,筛选提取影响耕地资源潜力的关键生态要素;由模型参数Waldc2统计量分析影响耕地资源潜力的关键生态要素的贡献率排序;由模型参数回归系数β分析耕地资源潜力与生态要素的相关关系;由模型参数发生比率OR分析量化关键生态要素对耕地资源潜力的影响,最终建立Logistic回归模型。基于此模型,在GIS软件中得到井陉县耕地资源潜力分布图,进而估算出县域耕地资源潜力。研究结果表明:13个影响井陉县耕地资源潜力的基本生态要素中8个为关键生态要素;关键生态要素中地形要素配置比气象要素配置更为重要;年平均气温和寒冷指数与耕地资源潜力呈负相关关系,其余生态要素则呈正相关关系;由回归模型估算出井陉县具备垦殖为耕地资源的土地面积为60 400 hm~2,而根据遥感影像解译结果得出的现有耕地资源为45 600 hm~2,由此井陉县尚具有14 800 hm~2的后备耕地资源,相当于现有耕地面积的32.5%,这说明在不考虑垦殖所带来的可能负效应的前提下,井陉县具有较大的后备耕地资源开发潜力,该结论为井陉县后备耕地资源的开发与可持续利用提供了理论依据。     

A survey of element toxicities in wheat grown in naturally waterlogged farmer's sodic fields of eastern Uttar Pradesh,India

This survey examined the element toxicities in wheat grown in naturally waterlogged farmer's sodic fields. Seven sites located in three districts (Faizabad, Pratapgarh, and Ambedkar Nagar) of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India were selected for the study. The data on soil redox potential (Eh), soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), waterlogging duration, and crop age during waterlogging were recorded at the time of plant sampling in all the sites. Waterlogging caused a reduction of 21% to 65% in shoot dry weight in the survey sites. During waterlogging, the concentrations of iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and sodium (Na) in leaves increased dramatically; the values of these elements were many folds higher than their reported critical toxicity levels (Fe-100 ppm, Al-50 ppm, and Na-8000 ppm, respectively). The results support the hypothesis that element toxicities occur during waterlogging in wheat grown in farmer's sodic field and identified Fe, Al, and Na toxicities as a major constraint for wheat production in the study area.     

Irrigation scheduling for traditional,low-density olive orchards: Water relations and influence on oil characteristics

An experiment was performed in a low-density olive orchard (69 trees ha⁻¹) to study the recovery from water stress of olive trees under different irrigation managements. The effect of water stress on oil quality was also examined. The trees were subjected to one of four irrigation treatments: rain-fed conditions, irrigation with either 100% or 125% of the crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) level, or a deficit treatment in which only 60 mm of water were provided (at different times depending on the weather and phenological stage of the crop). The irrigation water in the deficit treatment was some 43% of the water applied in the 125% treatment. Plant water relations were determined periodically by measuring the water potential of covered leaves and the stomatal conductance at midday. The trees in the water deficit and rain-fed treatments rapidly recovered from water stress after receiving irrigation water or autumn rainwater, respectively, reaching the condition of the fully irrigated trees. However, stomatal conductance took longer to recover. Recovery at mid-summer in the deficit treatment was related to the amount of water in the soil; in autumn, however, this relationship was not so clear in rain-fed trees. The effect on oil quality was recorded in terms of the total concentration of phenolic compounds (TP). This was strongly related to the water stress integral, suggesting that the effect of irrigation on this variable occurs year-round and not just during the oil accumulation phase. Thus, even with low doses of water it should be possible to significantly reduce the TP concentration. Since recovery from water stress is rapid when irrigation is concentrated in the second half of summer, such an irrigation regimen might allow efficient use of the limited amounts of water available in central Spain.     

滴灌条件下成龄核桃树叶水势变化规律研究

通过田间试验,研究了滴灌成龄核桃叶水势变化规律及其与气象因子间的关系,结果表明:滴灌成龄核桃叶水势日变化呈单峰曲线变化,在14:00-16:00达到一天中的最低值;试验条件下不同生育期核桃露点叶水势与土壤含水量的关系不尽相同,在果实膨大期、硬核期和油脂转化后期呈正相关关系,油脂转化前期呈负相关关系,通过回归分析建立了不同生育期二者的函数关系;滴灌成龄核桃叶水势日变化与太阳辐射和大气温度负相关,与相对湿度正相关,通径分析表明,影响核桃叶水势日变化的主要气象因子是大气温度,其次是大气相对湿度、太阳辐射;建立了滴灌成龄核桃叶水势日变化与气象因子之间的函数关系.     

烘干温度和时间对潜在土壤斥水性的影响研究

为研究不同烘干温度和时间对测定土样潜在斥水性的影响,选用以色列2种类型的4种土壤,通过在25、45、65和105℃的4种不同温度和不同时间的组合对土壤样品进行烘干,然后测定潜在土壤斥水性,最后分析不同烘干温度在不同时间下对不同土壤潜在斥水性的影响。结果表明,在测定土壤潜在斥水性时的最佳烘干温度为45～65℃,最佳烘干时间为24h。     

Effects of drying/rewetting stress on microbial auxin production and L-tryptophan catabolism in soils

The presence of tryptophan in soil and auxin production by indigenous soil microbes are considered to be important natural plant growth-promoting factors. In order to elucidate the natural regulation of microbial auxin synthesis, we treated different soils by an air drying/rewetting cycle and measured pool sizes of auxins, auxin precursors, and degradation products of tryptophan together with a range of respiration parameters. Potential (tryptophan addition) microbial production of indole-3-acetic acid (auxin) was predominant in the equilibrated fresh soils. Auxin production depended on the soil nutrient content, and the size and metabolic status of the microbial biomass. Immediately after rewetting, potential auxin production was low, whereas potential indole-3-ethanol and anthranilic acid production as well as basal respiration were transitionally enhanced. This was concurrent with proliferation ofr-strategist microbes. After the respiration flush, the natural tryptophan contents increased, indicating cell lysis, probably caused by a rise in protozoan grazing on ther-strategists. Auxin production was high in fresh and in re-equilibrating rewetted soils, probably due to nutritional limitations under stationary conditions. Hence, this high production was attributed to theK-strategist component of the soil microflora. The differences observed in the recovery of auxin production between the different rewetted soils suggest that original activities can become re-established rapidly when the indigenous microbial community is pre-adapted to the stress. We propose that the release of tryptophan, microbial auxin, and the shift towards indole-3-ethanol production function as stimulants for root development induced by environmental fluctuations.     

水分胁迫对棉花叶片生长和光合的影响

棉花 LER 对水分胁迫极其敏感。_w 下降时 LER 比 P_n 受抑制时间早且更严重。_w 为-0.8MPa 时,生长停止,而 Pn 仍维持较高水平。_w 大于-1.6MPa,Pn 随_w下降而变化不大;_w 小于-1.6MPa,Pn 显著降低;_w 达-2.5MPa时,Pn 为零。Pn 和 DR 之间为显著负相关。_w 为-1.6MPa 以上,DR 变化不大;_w 低于-1.8MPa 时,Pn 随 DR 增加而显著降低,_w 为-2.5MPa 时,因气孔关闭,Pn 为零。经受水分胁迫棉株以渗透调节方式适应胁迫条件。P-V 曲线表明,在任何 RWC 下,干旱处理_s 比灌水处理的更负;干旱处理叶片膨压消失点_s 为-1.90MPa,灌水处理为-1.54MPa。     

水稻育种现状的评价与方向

过去１０年，通过多种育种途径相结合的做法，本校的水稻育种工作取得了可喜的成果，育成了早、晚籼新品系和杂交稻新组合共１５３个。其中，８个通过了广西区级水稻品种区域试验，４个品种、组合通过了自治区品种审定委员会审定，并获得了奖励。然而，大多数育成品系、组合的丰产性、稳定性、抗病性及稻米品质还有待改进和提高。今后，应充分发挥杂交育种途径在选育新品种中的重要作用，多种育种途径互相配合，取长补短；在选育新品种、杂交稻新组合过程中，应拓宽选系的亲缘关系；加强选系的抗病性鉴定；提高选系的丰产性和稳定性，进一步提高育成品种、杂交稻组合的总体水平。