三峡水库城区消落带人工草本植被土壤养分含量研究

为研究三峡水库城区消落带人工植被种植后,经不同淹水时间土壤的化学特性变化规律,及探讨城区消落带植被重建对库区水质的潜在影响,分别对2012年6月、2013年3月、2013年5月、2013年7月、2013年9月城区消落带扁穗牛鞭草(Hc)、狗牙根(Cd)、小巴茅(Ss)和裸地土壤的pH值和养分含量进行了调查研究。结果表明,植被类型对土壤pH值、碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、全磷(TP)含量有显著影响。综合而言,与裸地相比,人工草本植被土壤pH值和养分含量无显著差异。该区土壤pH值在6.5~8.5间波动。不同淹水时间的城区消落带土壤营养元素含量间存在较大差异。随取样时间的延长,裸地和人工植被土壤pH值、有机质含量呈波动变化。AN含量在2013年3月、2013年9月消落带刚开始落干时较高。然而,AP含量在2012年6月最大,此时,裸地、扁穗牛鞭草、狗牙根、小巴茅土壤AP含量分别为(2.62±0.30),(3.92±0.34),(1.08±0.16),(1.24±0.06) mg/kg。土壤全磷、全钾含量则在研究后期有所增加。研究表明,除地表植被、水文因素外,城市污水排放、强烈人为干扰、地表径流带来的点/面源污染等也影响该城区消落带土壤营养元素含量。对于三峡库区长江重庆主城区河段而言,由人工草本植被构建造成的水体富营养化程度有限。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地减沙水代价分析

以裸坡农地为对照,根据黄土丘陵沟壑区三大副区人工草地径流小区多年的观测资料,系统分析了黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地减沙水代价（R_rs）特征及其与各影响因素之间的关系。结果表明:人工草地在不同地区其平均R_rs存在差异,且变化幅度较大,整体上丘陵沟壑第二副区大于第一副区和第三副区;不同牧草轮作下条播草木樨的R_rs最大,较自然草坡高25%,其R_rs表现为:条播草木樨 > 撒播苜蓿 > 草木樨 > 苜蓿 > 自然草坡;草田带状间轮作的R_rs表现为:草木樨/农作物 > 苜蓿/农作物,且草田带状间轮作的R_rs明显高于牧草轮作;人工草地R_rs与汛期降水量、侵蚀模数呈较好的指数反比关系,与最大30 min降雨强度（I₃₀）呈线性反比关系。     

丘陵山区地块尺度耕地社会稳定功能价值测算与提升

在构思地块尺度耕地社会稳定功能价值测算方法,测算调查水田、旱地地块社会稳定功能价值的基础上,识别耕地社会稳定功能价值影响机理,构建耕地社会稳定功能价值提升综合措施体系。结果表明:耕地质量总体较高的水田地块的社会稳定功能价值普遍高于旱地地块,耕地质量越高,越利于耕地社会稳定功能作用的发挥;大多数调查耕地地块社会稳定功能价值内部构成特征均表现为固定资产量所占比重 > 培肥投入折现值所占比重 > 收益损失折现值所占比重,要促进耕地社会稳定功能作用的发挥,关键在于提高决定耕地地块固定资产凝结量的耕地质量水平;3个村耕地社会稳定功能价值均受到耕地地块自然质量条件、水利设施条件、耕作便利性的影响制约,具有价值提升空间;耕地社会稳定功能价值提升应从增加耕地资源数量和提高耕地资源产出能力两个方面综合践行。     

宁波地区抛秧晚稻生长前期主要杂草及生态位分析

为明确晚稻生长前期田间主要杂草群落组成及其生态位,预测除草剂作用下农田杂草群落的演变。采用对角线五点取样法对宁波晚稻田杂草群落开展调查。结果表明本地区晚稻田主要杂草种类有稗(Echinochloa crusgalli)、千金子(Leptochloa chinensis)、耳叶水苋(Ammannia arenaria)、异型莎草(Cyperus difformis)、矮慈姑(Sagittaria pygmaea)、李氏禾(Leersia hexandra Swartz)。计算这些杂草的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值,结果表明稗和千金子的时间、水平生态位宽度均在0.90以上,且二者时间和水平生态位重叠值最大(0.9088、0.8261),说明稗和千金子为晚稻生长前期杂草群落中的优势种群。耳叶水苋时间生态位宽度最低(0.4955),但与稗和千金子水平生态位重叠值较高,分别为0.7201和0.6990。说明耳叶水苋出草较迟,但有着较强竞争优势,忽视对耳叶水苋的防治,将使其成为水稻生长后期杂草群落的优势种群。     

Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Rice Varieties among Rural Farm Households in Central Nepal

The use of improved high yielding crop varieties is an important avenue for reducing hunger and food insecurity in developing countries. Using cross-sectional data obtained from a survey conducted during 2013 crop season, we performed a probit model(plot-level analysis) to determine the probability of adopting new improved rice varieties(NIRVs) by smallholder farmers particularly from two main agro-ecological regions(hills and tropical plain terai regions) of Central Nepal. The results revealed that education, extension services and seed access play significant roles in adoption decisions.Additionally, farm and field characteristic variables such as farm size, endowment of favorable land type(e.g. lowlands), and animal power(e.g. oxen) are the key factors influencing the probability of adopting NIRVs. The results showed that technology specific variables(e.g. yield potential and acceptability) are significant for explaining adoption behavior, implying that it is important to take farmers' preferences to varietal characteristics into consideration in the design of a research and development program. Given the significant role played by extension and access related variables, increased emphasis on information dissemination, field demonstration, and farmers' participatory research and training programs to popularize new rice varieties and enhance their adoption rate are required. This also suggests that policy intervention should be made on improving the educational status of farming households, and developing programs on varietal package of rice seed which offer farmers a variety of choices among the appropriate pools of germplasm. Such programs ultimately help farmers develop more profit-oriented behavior which are necessary to enhance adoption rate, production and food security in the long run.     

Microclimate and CO2 fluxes on continuous fine days in the Xihu desert wetland,China

The Xihu desert wetland is located in an extremely arid area in Dunhuang,Gansu province of Northwest China.The area is home to an unusual geographic and ecological environment that is considered unique,both in China and the world.Microclimate is not only related to topography,but is also affected by the physical properties of underlying ground surfaces.Microclimate and CO2 flux have different characteristics under different underlying surface conditions.However,until now,few studies have investigated the microclimate characteristics and CO2 flux in this area.The eddy covariance technique(ECT) is a widely used and effective method for studying such factors in different ecosystems.Basing on data from continuous fine days obtained in the Dunhuang Xihu desert wetland between September 2012 and September 2013,this paper discussed and compared the characteristics of daily microclimate variations and CO2 fluxes between the two periods.Results from both years showed that there was a level of turbulent mixing and updraft in the area,and that the turbulent momentum flux was controlled by wind shear under good weather conditions.The horizontal wind velocity,friction wind velocity and vertical wind velocity were commendably consistent with each other.Air temperature in the surface layer followed an initial decreasing trend,followed by an increasing then decreasing trend under similar net radiation conditions.With changes in air temperature,the soil temperature in the surface layer follows a more obvious sinusoidal fluctuation than that in the subsoil.Components of ground surface radiation during the two study periods showed typical diurnal variations.The maximum diurnal absorption of CO2 occurred at around 11:00(Beijing time) in the Xihu desert wetland,and the concentrations of CO2 in both periods gradually decreased with time.This area was therefore considered to act as a carbon sink during the two observation periods.     

Effects of gravel mulch on aeolian transport:a field wind tunnel simulation

The shape,size and coverage of gravels have significant impacts on aeolian sand transport.This study provided an understanding of aeolian transport over the gravel mulching surfaces at different wind velocities by means of a mobile wind tunnel simulation.The tested gravel coverage increased from 5% to 80%,with a progressive increment of 5%.The gravels used in the experiments have three sizes in diameter.Wind velocities were measured using 10 sand-proof pitot-static probes,and mean velocity fields were obtained and discussed.The results showed that mean velocity fields obtained over different gravel mulches were similar.The analysis of wind speed patterns revealed an inherent link between gravel mulches and mean airflow characteristics on the gravel surfaces.The optimal gravel coverage is considered to be the critical level above or below which aeolian transport characteristics differ strongly.According to the present study,the optimal gravel coverage was found to be around 30% or 40%.Threshold velocity linearly increased with gravel coverage.Sand transport rate first increased with height above the wind tunnel floor(Hf),reaching a peak at some midpoint,and then decreased.     

华家岭人工云杉林群落结构研究

以黄土丘陵区华家岭杨树低效生态公益林改造的典型模式--人工云杉林为研究对象,采用典型取样法,对研究区域内分布于西段、中东段和南段的云杉林进行调查研究,分析其群落结构特征。结果表明：① 华家岭人工云杉林成分群落结构较为简单,灌木层、草本层的结构参数均与乔木层的结构参数呈负相关关系;② 区域内云杉林个体植株集中分布于低高度级与小径级范围内,多属幼龄林。且受立地条件的影响,西段、中东段、南段云杉林树高、胸径表现出较大的差异,中东段的云杉林长势优于西段和南段的云杉林;③ 人工云杉林初植密度偏大,且大多为纯林。这制约了区域林分的结构优化,可能对黄土丘陵区生态公益林的持续发展带来一定的不利影响。     

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fie     

土壤结皮对黑土区坡面产流产沙的影响

土壤结皮对坡面产流形成和侵蚀过程有重要的影响。基于室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了土壤结皮对黑土区坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:土壤结皮促使坡面产流提前发生,但对坡面产流量的影响不甚明显;对坡面侵蚀产沙量却有明显的作用。试验条件下,5°坡面有土壤结皮处理的坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理减少了54%。有土壤结皮处理的10°坡面,在降雨过程中结皮尚未破坏前,其坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理的对照减少了40%;一旦土壤结皮被破坏,之后的坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理的对照增加了46%;在整个降雨过程中,10°有土壤结皮处理的坡面侵蚀产沙量较无土壤结皮处理增加了16%。表明土壤结皮对坡面侵蚀的影响与地面坡度有密切关系。