美国ASABE农业工程建设标准化管理体制及其对我国的启示

采用文献分析的方法从管理理念、管理职能、管理机构及流程等方面对美国ASABE标准化管理体制的内容及特点进行研究,得到如下4点启示：（1）技术力量雄厚的标准编制委员会是关键;（2）通过公示及标准上诉等渠道为相关利益团体提供更多参与机会,使得标准与产业发展实际紧密结合;（3）宜建立稳定且多元的标准培训渠道,并与大学教育、研究生教育结合紧密,全方位实施标准教育;（4）积极推进标准的国际化,以此提高我国在国际市场及贸易中的话语权.     

Estimating Abiotic Thresholds for Sagebrush Condition Class in the Western United States

Sagebrush ecosystems of the western United States can transition from extended periods of relatively stable conditions to rapid ecological change if acute disturbances occur. Areas dominated by native sagebrush can transition from species-rich native systems to altered states where non-native annual grasses dominate, if resistance to annual grasses is low. The non-native annual grasses provide relatively little value to wildlife, livestock, and humans and function as fuel that increases fire frequency. The more land area covered by annual grasses, the higher the potential for fire, thus reducing the potential for native vegetation to reestablish, even when applying restoration treatments. Mapping areas of stability and areas of change using machine-learning algorithms allows both the identification of dominant abiotic variables that drive ecosystem dynamics and the variables’ important thresholds. We develop a decision-tree model with rulesets that estimate three classes of sagebrush condition (i.e., sagebrush recovery, tipping point [ecosystem degradation], and stable). We find rulesets that primarily drive development of the sagebrush recovery class indicate areas of midelevations (1 602 m), warm 30-yr July temperature maximums (tmax) (30.62°C), and 30-yr March precipitation (ppt) averages equal to 26.26 mm, about 10% of the 30-yr annual ppt values. Tipping point and stable classes occur at elevations that are lower (1 505 m) and higher (1 939 m), respectively, more mesic during March and annually, and experience lower 30-yr July tmax averages. These defined variable averages can be used to understand current dynamics of sagebrush condition and to predict where future transitions may occur under novel conditions.     

美国大学体育的萌生与机制分析及对我国大学体育的启示

基于大量一手文献的翻译、整理，从公共体育、专业体育和课外体育三个方面，阐述美国大学体育 的创建历程。在此基础上，从合理性、合法性层面，揭示美国大学体育构建的内部机制。体育思想的转变 为美国大学体育的萌生提供了动力来源，并通过合理性、合法性的构建指引、规约了美国大学体育体系的 构建；由此得到的启示是大学体育改革和发展必须有先进的体育思想为基础、以完善的制度为保障。     

Early growth of Eucalyptus camaldulensis under agroforestry conditions at Mafiga,Morogoro, Tanzania

The growth of Eucalyptus camaldulensis clean weeded, spot weeded and intercropped with maize and beans was studied. At 4 m × 4 m and 5 m × 5 m spacings trees were significantly shorter after 15 months under a conventional spot weeding regime than with clean weeding or intercropping with beans. A satisfactory maize yield (683 kg ha^?1) was recorded from plots with trees spaced at 5 m × 5 m. Plots where trees were spaced at 4 m × 4 m and 3 m × 3 m gave significantly lower yields (444 kg ha^?1 and 283 kg ha^?1, respectively).     

Modeling grain-size dependent bias in estimating forest area: a regional application

A better understanding of scaling-up effects on estimating important landscape characteristics (e.g. forest percentage) is critical for improving ecological applications over large areas. This study illustrated effects of changing grain sizes on regional forest estimates in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan of the USA using 30-m land-cover maps (1992 and 2001) produced by the National Land Cover Datasets. The maps were aggregated to two broad cover types (forest vs. non-forest) and scaled up to 1-km and 10-km resolutions. Empirical models were established from county-level observations using regression analysis to estimate scaling effects on area estimation. Forest percentages observed at 30-m and 1-km land-cover maps were highly correlated. This intrinsic relationship was tested spatially, temporally, and was shown to be invariant. Our models provide a practical way to calibrate forest percentages observed from coarse-resolution land-cover data. The models predicted mean scaling effects of 7.0 and 12.0% (in absolute value with standard deviations of 2.2 and 5.3%) on regional forest cover estimation (ranging from 2.3 and 2.5% to 11.1 and 23.7% at the county level) with standard errors of model estimation 3.1 and 7.1% between 30 m and 1 km, and 30 m and 10 km, respectively, within a 95% confidence interval. Our models improved accuracy of forest cover estimates (in terms of percent) by 63% (at 1-km resolution) and 57% (at 10-km resolution) at the county level relative to those without model adjustment and by 87 and 84% at the regional level in 2001. The model improved 1992 and 2001 regional forest estimation in terms of area for 1-km maps by 15,141 and 7,412 km² (after area weighting of all counties) respectively, compared to the corresponding estimates without calibration using 30 m-based regional forest areas as reference.     

试从国际法视角看中日钓鱼岛之争

本文介绍了钓鱼岛名称的由来、钓鱼岛争端的实质及钓鱼岛争端中“美国因素”的考量,分析这一区域对中日两国重要的政治、经济、军事意义以及美国在钓鱼岛争端中所扮演得的角色。提出“搁置钓鱼岛主权争议,共同开发东海海洋资源”等可行的解决方案。     

美日崛起比较及启示

近代史上美日两国皆因反对殖民统治而走上了自强之路,都巧妙地利用列强之间的矛盾开展外交谋求对外扩张,迅速崛起成为世界强国。但两国因国内环境、经济基础不同,在崛起道路及民主化程度上体现出较大的差异。我国的崛起应以经济和科技为基础,摒弃美日两国对外掠夺的方式,始终不渝地走和平发展之路。     

欧美国家林火研究现状与展望

林火是国际减灾战略的一项重要工作,也是生物多样性、全球气候变化和全球可持续发展的重要组成部分。森林火灾是对森林健康影响最大的自然因素之一。阐述了21世纪林业发达国家美国、加拿大、欧洲等国的林火研究方向与研究成果,以及林火与全球气候变化的研究,探讨了世界林火研究的发展趋势,提出了新时期我国林火研究的发展方向。     

Landscape hierarchies influence riparian ground-flora communities in Wisconsin, USA

We examined the distribution of ground-flora species (herbaceous and woody species <1 m tall) across riparian areas of northeastern Wisconsin in an effort to understand how hierarchical landscape properties, such as the physiographic system (ground moraine and outwash plain), valley system (constrained and unconstrained), and valley floor landforms influence distribution patterns of ground-flora species and functional plant guilds across riparian areas of small streams and rivers in a glacial landscape. A total of 162 species were recorded on 417 (1 m²) plots stratified by four different valley types that reflect the dominant physiographic system and valley system (constrained ground moraine, constrained outwash plain, unconstrained ground moraine, unconstrained outwash plain) and transverse geomorphic structure (valley floor landforms including floodplains, terraces, slopes, and adjacent uplands). Although distribution patterns of individual ground-flora species are highly variable among the four valley types, canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) of individual valley types indicate that ground-flora vegetation is related strongly to hierarchical landscape properties, including valley type and the transverse geomorphic structure of the stream valley. Vegetation ultimately reflects the influence of hydrogeomorphic processes that shape valley floor landforms. Constrained valley types tend to be characterized by diverse floodplain ground-flora communities dominated by graminoids and pteridophytes, while the terraces and slope plant communities are comprised of facultative upland and obligate upland perennial forb and woody species whose distribution appears to be a function of topographic features, such as aspect. However, ground-flora communities of unconstrained valley types appear to be responding not only to changes associated with the transverse geomorphic structure of the riparian ecotone, but also to more localized changes in environmental conditions associated with flooding and hydrologic regime. As a result, floodplain, terrace, and slope ground-flora communities tend to be diverse, dominated by a mixture of obligate wetland, facultative wetland, and facultative species. Thus, variation in riparian plant community characteristics can be explained using a nested, hierarchical landscape framework to organize and group different riparian settings based on the underlying geomorphic processes shaping stream valleys. Based on these results, we suggest that riparian management zones (RMZs) designed to maintain riparian function should be variable in width rather than fixed, encompassing variation in valley floor landforms and valley walls, regardless of the physiographic system.