免耕法对土壤微生物和生物活性的影响

本文比较常耕和免耕法对土壤微生物和生物学活性的影响.结果表明,连续免耕6-7年的砂壤土中微生物的数量较集中分布于上表层,常耕处理则相对均匀地分布于经常翻动的土层中.0-7cm表层土壤中微生物的优势种群在两种耕法中有一定差异,特别是霉菌.免耕处理0-7cm土壤培养1天的呼吸活性是常耕处理的2.1倍,尿酶活性是常耕处理的1.6倍.但随着土层的加深,免耕处理的呼吸活性、尿酶活性下降很快,至7-14cm处分别下降56%、71%.培养40天时0-7cm土壤无机氮释放量免耕和常耕处理分别为48.1、34.5mgN/kg,而7-14cm土层则分别为21.5、29.1mgN/kg.不加碳源只加入硫铵培养3天土壤中无机氮的减少在10%左右,免耕上表层0-7cm土壤减少较多,反映土壤微生物对无机氮的固定作用.长期免耕使具有高生物学活性的土层变得浅薄,而常耕处理则较为深厚.     

大青叶樱桃根际微生物种群结构及其变化动态

利用选择性培养基,对2年生大青叶樱桃(Cerasus pseudocerasus)根际微生物进行了分离、鉴定和分类,分析了不同物候期根际微生物种群结构的变化。结果表明,从大青叶樱桃根际分离纯化获得的细菌分别属于15个属,以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)为主;放线菌属于链霉菌属的6个类群,以白色类群(Albosporus)、黄色类群(Flavus)为主;真菌以镰刀菌(Fusarium)和木霉属(Trichoderma)为主。不同生育期根际微生物种群结构不同,落叶期根际细菌种群结构最丰富,萌芽期最少。     

作用于LCC的三种微生物的筛选

采用透明圈法筛选出具有半纤维素降解能力的霉菌2株及细菌1株,并用于处理粗木质素样品。分析结果表明,3株菌对木质素均无降解能力。这对于具有LCC结构的粗木素的提纯具有研究价值。     

有效微生物群对玉米植株生长与代谢的影响

有效生物群(EM)处理促进了玉米植株的生长发育,使苗期与孕穗期的植株高于对照,叶面积指数和比叶重也不所增加;从根系活力和植株代谢能力来看,EM 处理具有刺激生长,促进发育,协调生理机能的作用。     

食品微生物快速检测技术研究进展

近年来,微生物及其产生的各类毒素引发的食品污染备受重视,微生物污染造成的食源性疾病仍是世界食品安全中最突出的问题。准确、省时的快速检验方法,对预防肠道传染病和食物中毒具有重要意义。随着生物学技术和微电子技术的发展,食品微生物快速检验技术有了较大进展。综述了食品微生物快速检验技术的研究进展。     

镉污染中性土壤伴矿景天修复的硫强化及其微生物效应

采用田间微区试验研究了施硫处理对中性镉污染农田上伴矿景天镉吸取修复效率、土壤p H、有效态镉、有效态硫以及微生物群落变化的影响。结果发现:土壤p H随时间和硫用量的增加而显著下降,有效态镉和有效态硫含量随时间和硫用量的增加而显著增加。在360 g/m²硫处理下,伴矿景天地上部镉含量为70.9 mg/kg,较不施硫对照(38.3 mg/kg)增加85.1%,耕层土壤全量镉去除率为19.4%,是对照(10.5%)的1.85倍。施硫处理150 d后,土壤Thiomonas和Rhodanobacter细菌相对丰度显著高于试验前土壤和对照处理。本试验结果表明,中性土壤施加适量硫磺不仅可显著提高污染土壤中镉的生物有效性,也可通过调节与硫代谢相关的功能微生物,显著增强镉的植物吸取修复效率。     

EM微生态制剂对仔猪的保健效果观察

试验开展EM微生态制剂对仔猪增重效果、仔猪腹泻的控制效果、环境除臭及蚊蝇孽生繁殖的消除效果等研究,结果表明:(1)EM制剂对仔猪具有良好的育肥增重效果。试验组平均增重比对照组多1.981 kg,差异显著(P<0.05);(2)EM的添加对仔猪腹泻具有良好的控制效果。试验组死亡率为5%,治愈率为75%;对照组死亡率为40%,自愈率为30%;(3)EM微生态制剂能抑制腐败菌的生长繁殖,有明显消除粪便臭味,减少蚊蝇孽生繁殖,从而净化环境,减少污染,改善仔猪生长环境。结论:EM微生态制剂对仔猪具有保健效果。     

瑞香狼毒根际疣孢青霉菌YL 52次生代谢产物的研究

旨在了解瑞香狼毒根际疣孢青霉菌YL-52(Penicillium verruculosum YL-52)次生代谢产物的组成和结构。利用溶剂萃取、反复硅胶柱层析分离和Sephadex LH-20柱层析纯化等方法从发酵液中分离出化合物,并采用IR、ESI-MS、1 H NMR、13 C NMR和DEPT等方法综合完成结构的分析鉴定。从发酵液乙酸乙酯部分中分离出5个化合物,化合物2和化合物3分别被鉴定为熊果酸和扁枝衣二酸,并首次证明瑞香狼毒根际微生物-疣孢青霉菌发酵液中存在熊果酸和扁枝衣二酸。     

Microbial diversity and activity of disturbed soil in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

 The effects of intense grazing, seasonal drought, and fire on soil microbial diversity (substrate utilization) and activity in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland were measured in summer 1997, winter 1998, and spring 1998. Intense livestock grazing was initiated in winter 1995, burning occurred in August 1994, and drought stresses were imposed from October 1994 to June 1997. Microbial diversity was inferred from the carbon substrate utilization patterns in both gram (+) and gram (–) Biolog plates. Microbial activity was estimated by the activity of selected enzymes. Neither microbial diversity nor activity was affected by grazing. The interaction of intense grazing and stress sub-treatments only occurred in spring for one set of diversity measurements. The maximum microbial diversity and activity occurred in the winter-drought-stress sub-plots in summer and spring. Burning reduced microbial diversity and most enzyme activities as compared to the control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was also lower in summer-drought-stress sub-plots than in the control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was highest in summer, intermediate in winter, and lowest in spring. Microbial activity was generally higher in summer and lower in winter. It was concluded that substrate availability was the most important factor affecting the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms within a season. Soil moisture was not the factor causing differences in microbial diversity and activity among the stress treatments, but it was a predictor for some microbial responses under a particular stress. Received: 12 August 1999