温室3P3R机械臂系统动力学建模与分析

针对温室等设施农业环境,设计了一种具有3P3R机械臂结构的机器人,为了分析机械臂的操作性能并实现精确运动控制,对机械臂进行了运动学和动力学分析;采用Kane方法和旋量理论分析方法建立了机器人的操作臂运动学和动力学模型,利用该模型,针对原理样机的具体结构,在Mathematica环境下研究了机械臂的操作性能,得到在一定作业任务规划下,末端执行器的位姿变化规律,以及按照该规划轨迹运动时各关节的驱动力;结果表明,结合了Kane方法和旋量理论的动力学模型具有准确、简单、有效等特点,能够满足机械臂的运动学、动力学分析的要求。     

萝卜气吸式精量播种机的研制

对于目前国内还没有适用于萝卜种子大小的精量播种机现状,为了实现大面积种植萝卜作物的精量播种以及降低大面积播种的劳动力投入,减轻耕作的劳动量,提高劳动效率,研制了一种适用于大面积种植萝卜的精量播种机。该装置结构简单,使用时调整方便,具有起垄、开沟、播种、覆土和整形镇压等功能,可一次性完成播种作业,适用于大田作业。经田间试验证明:整机结构设计合理,单粒精播率高,镇压整形后的垄形符合农艺要求且外形美观。     

辽河流域农村饮用水现状及对策建议

辽河流域农村饮用水问题是我国农村饮水问题典型之一。辽河流域水资源量严重短缺,季节性变化大,农村饮用水供水量得不到保障;农村饮水水质污染问题严重,高氟水、高铁水、高砷水、低碘水、苦咸水、污染水(硝氮、总硬度、氨氮等超标)等普遍存在;供水设施落后、多数无净化设施。本文在分析辽河流域农村饮用水现状的基础上提出了相应的对策和建议:提高水资源利用率、从源头控制污染物、采取适宜的水处理技术、完善供水设施,为改善农村饮水现状提供科学依据。     

高压共轨柴油机喷油控制策略研究

通过对高压共轨柴油机喷油控制的需求分析,发现在转速突变时进气系统具有明显的迟滞性,这种迟滞性表现为进气增量跟不上喷油增量,所设计的转速变化主喷油量修正算法能够重新修正原喷油量,以获得合理的空燃比,改善燃烧过程。多次喷射会造成轨压波动,经过多次喷射轨压波动油量修正算法对喷油量脉宽进行预修正,可以提高喷油执行精度。利用ETAS公司的ASCET建模软件工具和自主开发的ECU电路板,在YN33CR型高压共轨柴油机上进行了台架试验。试验结果表明:该喷油控制策略符合预期效果,能够有效改善喷油控制。     

杨陵区节水灌溉分区规划

杨陵区是我国重点节水示范区之一,对它进行节水灌溉分区是非常必要的。采用逐步判别分析法,定量计算与经验定性相结合进行判断,提出了杨陵节水灌溉分区方案,并将杨陵区分为三个区,对每个区的基本情况和节水灌溉发展去向、技术进行了讨论。     

Kinetics of soil microbial uptake of free amino acids

 Amino acids and proteins typically form the biggest input of organic-N into most soils and provide a readily available source of C and N for soil microorganisms. Amino acids can also be taken up directly by plant roots, providing an alternative source of available soil N. However, the degree to which plants can compete against the soil microbial population for amino acids in soil solution remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to measure the rate of microbial uptake of three contrastingly charged ¹⁴C-labelled amino acids (glutamate^1–, glycine⁰, lysine^0.9+) over a wide concentration range (0.1–5 mM) and in two contrastingly managed soils varying in their degree of erosion, organic-C content and microbial biomass. Amino acid uptake was concentration dependent and conformed to a single Michaelis-Menten equation. The mean maximum amino acid uptake rate (V _max) for the non-eroded (control) soil (high organic-C, high biomass) was 0.13±0.02 mmol kg^–1 h^–1, while half maximal uptake occurred at a concentration (K _m) of 2.63±0.07 mM. Typically, V _max was fourfold lower and K _m twofold lower in the eroded soil (low available organic-C, low biomass) compared to the non-eroded (control) soil. Amino acid substrate concentration had little effect on the proportion of amino acid utilized in catabolic versus anabolic metabolism and was similar for both. While the results obtained here represent the summation of kinetics for a mixed soil population, they indicate that amino acid uptake is saturated at concentrations within the millimolar range. Because the affinity constants also were similar to those described for plant roots, we hypothesized that competition for amino acids between plants and microbes will be strong in soil but highly dependent upon the spatial distribution of roots and microbes in soil. Received: 2 March 2000     

Tundra plants protect the soil surface from UV

In the Arctic, seasonal ozone depletion is resulting in periods of enhanced UV-B radiation at ground level while regional climate change is associated with increasing temperatures. These changes are likely to alter plant distribution, biodiversity and morphology, which may have knock-on effects for microbially driven biogeochemical cycling and other soil processes. Our study examined the transmission of solar UV radiation through arctic tundra plants using a portable UV radiometer and the DLR-biofilm biological UV dosimeter. A strong negative correlation was found between vegetation cover and UV transmission to the soil surface. Penetration of UV to the soil beneath tundra plants varied depending upon plant morphology, being greater through low creeping plants than cushion plants, grasses or mosses. UV transmission to the soil surface beyond the foliage edge also varied with plant morphology and the presence of flowers.     

耕地数量生态位重心模型构建及其应用——以焦作市为例

以生态位理论为基础，提出了耕地生态元和耕地生态位的概念。在此基础上，构建了用以量度耕地数量空间格局变化规律的耕地数量生态位重心模型，并运用该模型对焦作市1998-2004年期间耕地数量变化规律进行了分析。分析结果表明，该模型可以有效测度区域耕地数量整体变化特征及其年际变化程度大小，并可依据其变化规律探求区域耕地数量变化的驱动因素和驱动力。     

阿维菌素对蔬菜地土壤微生物及土壤酶的生态毒理效应

研究了阿维菌素对蔬菜地土壤微生物和土壤酶的生态毒理效应.实验结果表明,阿维菌素在低浓度时（1～10 mg kg^-1）对土壤脲酶活性和脱氢酶活性有轻微的激活作用,而对土壤微生物呼吸强度没有明显的影响;在高浓度时（50～100 mg kg^-1）对土壤微生物呼吸强度、脲酶活性以及脱氢酶活性均有明显抑制作用;不同浓度阿维菌素在不同程度上均会造成土壤微生物生物量的减少和过氧化氢酶活性被强烈激活.     

南水北调西线一期工程研究

南水北调西线工程是一项非常宏大的水利工程,工程建设对我国经济发展和社会进步具有十分重要意义。概述了南水北调西线一期工程从论证、超前期规划研究到工程实施的发展过程,介绍了调水工程区地质条件、主要活动断裂及其组合特征,分析了可用水量、存在的主要地质问题以及工程建设对环境和社会的影响,并提出了今后研究应注意的几个问题。