吴茱萸醇提物和挥发油对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的体外抑菌作用

目的研究吴茱萸正丁醇提取物和挥发油对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌作用。方法采用稀释法测定正丁醇提取物和挥发油对33株临床多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);并测定挥发油的折光率和旋光度。结果吴茱萸正丁醇提取物对33株临床多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌MIC50为125mg·mL-1,MIC90为250mg·mL-1,挥发油按1:2稀释抑菌率为64%。结论吴茱萸正丁醇提取物在体外对33株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌有不同程度的抑菌作用而吴茱萸挥发油抑菌作用不明显。     

新乡市桶装纯净水的微生物学检测

按照国标GB/T4789.21检验方法随机抽取新乡市桶装纯净水进行微生物学指标检测。结果表明,原桶水的各项微生物学指标均合格;饮用第5天桶装纯净水中仅细菌总数超标;而饮用第10天的桶装纯净水中细菌总数、大肠菌群数及霉菌数均超标。说明随着桶装纯净水的饮用时间延长,其微生物污染程度加重。     

造纸黑液与玉米秸秆堆肥实验

[目的]开发利用玉米秸秆资源,解决造纸黑液对环境的污染问题。[方法]通过用不同方法使玉米秸秆与造纸黑液混合发酵,对其混合的比例、发酵时间、pH值、玉米秸秆粉的细度等因素进行研究,确定混合发酵的最佳配比、最佳中和时间和最佳发酵条件。[结果]造纸黑液与玉米秸秆混合发酵的最佳条件为:将玉米秸秆与水按质量比1∶1混合在常温隔绝空气的条件下发酵4周,然后将造纸黑液与所得的玉米秆发酵产物按质量比15∶1混合在常温隔绝空气的条件下发酵4周,可得到pH值在6.0~7.0富含腐殖酸的有机绿肥。[结论]该研究对有效利用玉米秸秆资源和治理环境污染具有重要意义。     

土壤铅、镉污染及其微生物修复研究进展

随着经济的飞速发展,受到重金属污染的地区越来越多,环境问题也日益突出,特别是铅、镉等常见的重金属元素,对土地造成的污染尤为严重.与微生物修复技术相比,常见的物理化学修复技术易造成二次污染.而微生物修复以污染小、成本低等特点成为热门的重金属土地污染修复技术,越来越受到关注.研究综述了铅、镉污染现状及其微生物修复技术在土壤修复中的应用,包括微生物修复的机理、优缺点及今后的发展方向.     

广西农业区位优势空间分异及形成机制

[目的]探索广西农业区位优势空间分异及其形成机制,为广西农业区划与相关政策制定提供参考.[方法]采用区位商对广西14个地级市的农业区位优势进行测算,并利用固定效应模型对不同优势层次地区区位商的形成机制进行研究.[结果]总体上,广西各地区的农业区位优势横向空间异质性强烈,且不同层次地区的形成机制各异.率先实现农业生产与技术服务规模化是加快现代规模化农业进程的关键点,财政支农力度不足、教育水平不高、农业机械化水平低可能成为制约广西现代化农业规模化发展的瓶颈.[建议]应强化总体规划布局,推进产业聚集,提高产业溢出效应;因地制宜,完善交通与基础生产设施;完善农业技术服务体系,突破规模化生产限制;提高财政支农效率,提升农民科技素养,实现广西农业合理布局与良性发展.     

微生物菌剂对兰州城市生活污泥堆肥效果的影响

以兰州市城市生活鲜污泥和40%干污泥为原料，以玉米秸秆为辅料，添加金宝贝生物发酵剂和阿姆斯生物发酵剂进行堆肥，研究微生物菌剂对堆肥过程中温度、含水率、NH₄₊ N、NO₃^- N和全N的影响。结果表明，除鲜污泥（D 1，CK）处理外，其他各处理堆体温度保持在50 ℃以上均超过7 d，达到堆肥卫生标准，加入微生物菌剂使堆体提前5 d达到50 ℃；其他各处理经过20 d堆置含水率降至45%以下，达到园林绿化使用标准；加入微生物菌剂使堆体全N损失增加0.56%~4.47%，并促进NH₄₊ N的生成和NO₃^- N的积累。     

两种林龄中山杉(Taxodium hybrid 'Zhongshanshan')林地土壤质量评价

以江苏省靖江市牧城公园和东湖公园两种种植年限分别为5 a和9 a的中山杉(Taxodium hybrid'Zhongshanshan')人工林土壤和无林地为研究对象,对0~15 cm、15~30 cm和30~45 cm深度土层土壤理化性质、养分含量和微生物生物量进行了分析。典型相关分析表明,土壤微生物生物量的变化是一个复杂的过程,是土壤各因子共同作用的结果,3种土壤U、V值均表现出层次性,随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低;不同取样点相同深度土层U、V值为9 a林5 a林对照;单相关分析表明,土壤微生物生物量与速效磷、速效钾、有机质和全氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01),因此土壤微生物可以作为评价中山杉人工林在促进林地土壤质量改善过程中的重要生物指标;主成分分析表明,综合得分最高的9 a林为2.993,其次是5 a林为0.748,作为对照的无林地则为-3.742,说明9 a林地土壤质量最高。可见,中山杉对林下土壤质量有显著提高作用。     

Does returning sites of historic peri‐urban waste disposal to vegetable production pose a risk to human health? – A case study near Manchester,UK

Urban waste disposal occurred on fenland to the west of Manchester, England, between 1900 and 1964. The reclaimed fenland, Chat Moss, is now used for mixed arable farming. A total of 1.92 Mt of waste including privy midden, street sweepings, clinkers and slaughterhouse refuse was incorporated into the moss resulting in a modified topsoil with raised pH and reduced organic matter content compared with the subsoil. Elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are observed in the topsoil beyond the typical depth of atmospheric contamination; Cd and As concentrations exceed soil guideline values (SGVs) at 1.8 and 43 mg/kg, respectively. Sequential extraction indicates that waste‐derived Pb, Zn and Ni remain predominantly in the residual fraction, whereas Cu was mainly organically bound. Arsenic was predominately found in oxide and organic matter fractions with Cd in carbonate, oxide, organic matter and residual fractions. Pot trials indicated limited uptake of PTEs by vegetables grown on the waste‐amended soil, with the exception of Cd uptake by lettuce (0.22 mg/kg FW) and Pb uptake by radish (0.16 mg/kg FW), which exceeded current EU limits of 0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg FW, respectively. Hazard quotients (HQs) identified no risks to adults from consumption of vegetables grown in these soils with the exception of lettuce consumption with a HQ of 1.4. Risks to children were slightly greater with HQs >1 for Cd in lettuce, spinach, carrots and onion, As in lettuce, parsley and onion and for Zn in spinach.     

黑龙江省乳业集群发展问题与对策研究

黑龙江省乳业经历了快速的发展过程，乳业发展呈现集群发展的态势，但发展中也存在着集群区域品牌效应不强、专业化分工不明显、集群进入壁垒和退出壁垒高、奶牛养殖业饲养方式落后、集群内乳品企业重复建设、原料奶收购价格形成机制不合理和法律法规体系不健全等诸多问题。本文针对黑龙江省乳业集群发展中的问题，提出了解决的思路和对策。     

Effects of different types of dietary non-digestible carbohydrates on the physico-chemical properties and microbiota of proximal colon digesta of growing pigs

The effect of different types of fibre on the intestinal digesta and microbial diversity was evaluated in growing pigs. The animals were fed during forty-two days with one of four experimental diets including a control group, a diet enriched with resistant starch type I, by coarse ground corn, and other two diets containing sugar beet pulp (8%) and wheat bran (10%) (as sources of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides respectively). Body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were assessed at day 7, 21 and 42. Luminal samples of digesta from proximal colon were collected to analyse water retention capacity (WRC), concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and the microbial diversity. Overall, animals fed with higher amounts of non-digestible carbohydrates had lower ADFI and BW. Sugar beet pulp provoked an increase of WRC, a higher concentration of SCFA, and a more stable microbial diversity throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, animals fed with wheat bran presented a lower bacterial diversity.