含间隙超精密压力机柔性多连杆机构动力学建模与仿真

建立柔性多连杆机构动力学模型对分析超精密压力机下死点动态精度具有极其重要的作用。传统的超精密压力机多连杆机构动力学模型一直忽略旋转副和球面副间隙以及曲轴和连杆柔性的影响,从而导致分析精度较低。为更准确地分析其动态响应特性,建立了一种考虑旋转副和球面副间隙及曲轴和连杆柔性影响的改进柔性多连杆机构的动力学模型。仿真结果表明,旋转副和球面副间隙的存在对机构的动态响应特性有很大影响;曲轴中心和球铰球心的运动特征主要表现为2个阶段:自由运动和冲击运动。此外,研究了间隙和曲轴输入转速对多连杆机构动态响应特性的影响,得出了随着间隙尺寸的增加,滑块下死点位置上移,滑块的速度和加速度峰值先减小后增加;随着曲轴转速的增加,滑块下死点位置和最大偏差值也逐渐增大,滑块的速度和加速度显著增加。     

糙米发芽前含水率提升工艺优化

糙米发芽前的吸水过程是导致籽粒裂纹的根本原因,制约着发芽糙米品质和口感。为降低发芽前糙米裂纹增率,探究了完整吸湿区间内各含水率水平糙米的最优吸湿速率。将糙米初始含水率至发芽含水率的完整区间分为若干子区间,在各区间内以不同加湿速率加湿至该区间目标含水率。探究各区间内裂纹增率的变化规律,建立裂纹增率与加湿速率变化规律的数学模型,以低裂纹增率为目标确定最优加湿速率。在此基础上,得出完整区间内以低裂纹增率及高效率为目标的加湿速率数学模型并试验验证。与前期分段加湿工艺相比,本优化工艺可降低发芽前糙米和发芽糙米裂纹增率(41.48±0.15)%和(43.67±0.26)%,糙米发芽率和γ-氨基丁酸含量增加(6.92±0.25)%和(25.03±0.18)%,为高品质发芽糙米的生产方法提供参考。     

烤烟品种综合性状评判的数学模型研究

该文将灰色系统理论中的关联系数分析法与层次分析法中的两两比较法有机地结合,并对数据标准化过程中异常值的处理方法进行了改进,有效地解决了一些长期以来评判方法中普遍存在而又难以解决的问题。建立了烤烟品种综合性状评判的数学模型。通过对１９９６年黄淮烟区烤烟区试结果的评判应用,取得了较为理想的效果。     

Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterisation of microbial communities in soil: a review

 This review discusses the analysis of whole-community phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles and the composition of lipopolysaccharides in order to assess the microbial biomass and the community structure in soils. For the determination of soil microbial biomass a good correlation was obtained between the total amount of PLFAs and the microbial biomass measured with methods commonly used for determinations such as total adenylate content and substrate-induced respiration. Generally, after the application of multivariate statistical analyses, whole-community fatty acid profiles indicate which communities are similar or different. However, in most cases, the organisms accounting for similarity or difference cannot be determined, and therefore artefacts could not be excluded. The fatty acids used to determine the biomass vary from those which determine the community structure. Specific attention has to be paid when choosing extraction methods in order to avoid the liberation of fatty acids from non-living organic material and deposits, and to exclude the non-target selection of lipids from living organisms, as well. By excluding the fatty acids which were presumed to be common and widespread prior to multivariate statistical analysis, estimates were improved considerably. Results from principal component analysis showed that determining the levels of fatty acids present in both low and high concentrations is essential in order to correctly identify microorganisms and accurately classify them into taxonomically defined groups. The PLFA technique has been used to elucidate different strategies employed by microorganisms to adapt to changed environmental conditions under wide ranges of soil types, management practices, climatic origins and different perturbations. It has been proposed that the classification of PLFAs into a number of chemically different subgroups should simplify the evaluating procedure and improve the assessment of soil microbial communities, since then only the subgroups assumed to be involved in key processes would be investigated. Received: 24 August 1998     

Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions

 Soil organic matter level, mineralizable C and N, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in soils from a field experiment under a pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence receiving inorganic fertilizers and a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments for the last 11 years. The amounts of soil organic matter and mineralizable C and N increased with the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, there were greater increases of these parameters when farmyard manure, wheat straw or Sesbania bispinosa green manure was applied along with inorganic fertilizers. Microbial biomass C increased from 147 mg kg^–1 soil in unfertilized soil to 423 mg kg^–1 soil in soil amended with wheat straw and inorganic fertilizers. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of soils increased significantly with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments. The results indicate that soil organic matter level and soil microbial activities, vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil, are enhanced by use of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizers. Received: 6 May 1998     

Ergosterol and microbial biomass relationship in soil

Ergosterol and microbial biomass C were measured in 26 arable, 16 grassland and 30 forest soils. The ergosterol content ranged from 0.75 to 12.94 g g^-1 soil. The geometric mean ergosterol content of grassland and forest soils was around 5.5 g g^-1, that of the arable soils 2.14 g g^-1. The ergosterol was significantly correlated with biomass C in the entire group of soils, but not in the subgroups of grassland and forest soils. The geometric mean of the ergosterol: microbial biomass C ratio was 6.0 mg g^-1, increasing in the order grassland (5.1), arable land (5.4) and woodland (7.2). The ergosterol:microbial biomass C ratio had a strong negative relationship with the decreasing cation exchange capacity and soil pH, indicating that the fungal part of the total microbial biomass in soils increased when the buffer capacity decreased. The average ergosterol concentration calculated from literature data was 5.1 mg g^-1 fungal dry weight. Assuming that fungi contain 46% C, the conversion factor from micrograms ergosterol to micrograms fungal biomass C is 90. For soil samples, neither saponification of the extract nor the more effective direct saponification during extraction seems to be really necessary.     

地膜玉米产量──因素模式试验研究

试验采用二次正交旋转组合设计方法,通过建立数学模型,分析研究了氮、磷及种植密度对旱作地膜玉米产量的效应,结果表明,氮肥效应>种植密度>磷肥,且交互作用十分显着,对产量的贡献幅度可达2.3%～23.9%;并计算出宁南山区正常降雨条件下,地膜玉米获得>9000kg/hm²产量可采用的栽培技术是:施氮量≥198kg/hm²,P₂O₅量127.5～183kg/hm²,玉米种植密度56500～60600株/hm².     

人工草地土壤水系统动力学模型与过耗恢复预测

针对黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地深层土壤水分严重亏缺问题,首次利用系统生态原理及计算机仿真手段,初步建立休闲草地土壤水分系统动力学模型,提出长历时（多年）,大厚度（5m）土壤水分动态仿真和模型参数获取有效方法,预测特定地区（宁夏固原上黄试区）休闲草地不同水文年型深层土壤水分恢复年限.     

灰色-马尔柯夫链预测水稻产量的方法及其应用

将灰色系统预测模型GM(1,1)与马尔柯夫链相结合,建立玉林市早稻产量预测模型。应用结果表明:(1)模型具有灰色微分动态模型的特点,反映了产量变化的灰色过程;(2)应用马尔柯夫链对该模型所产生的误差进行修正,克服了GM模型误差较大等缺点,大大提高了预测精度,(3)灰色系统理论与随机过程理论相结合,互相取长补短,为统计理论发展开创了新的路径,也为产量预测预报提供了新的方法。     

肉鸡生产系统的DYNAMO模型建立

根据系统动力学的理论,借助PD plus软件,在对肉鸡生产系统的分析基础上,对肉鸡生产的微机化研究作了初步探讨。重点是肉鸡生产系统辨识和系统反馈结构流图的绘制,因为建立模型的立足点在于肉鸡生产规模的变化是一个动态非平衡过程,这个过程是由其内在的反馈结构所决定。最后,从模型的内、外部作了可信度检验。