中国六省土地沙漠化敏感性时空格局与趋势分析

以我国新疆维吾尔自治区、青海省、内蒙古自治区、甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区和陕西省六省区为研究区,分析了1990年、2000年、2005年、2010年4个时期的土地沙漠化敏感性空间格局分布和时间动态变化特征,探讨变化成因并采用CA-Markov耦合模型对土地沙漠化敏感性格局变化趋势进行预测。结果表明:中国六省四期土地沙漠化敏感性格局相似,各级敏感区按分布面积大小排序为:轻度敏感区域 > 中度敏感区域 > 高度敏感区域 > 不敏感区域 > 极敏感区域。极敏感区域主要分布在土壤质地为流动沙地的沙漠区域,不敏感区域主要分布在高山、湖泊附近;人口增多、人为活动强度增加的区域敏感性程度增高;建立治沙工程的区域敏感性降低。对2020年土地沙漠化敏感性格局预测结果显示,相比2010年,极敏感区域在原有的基础上向外围扩张了7 120.04 km²,增幅为4.63%。本文通过分析中国六省土地沙漠化敏感性时空格局与趋势,为中国土地沙漠化防治分区策略制定和划分沙漠化扩展屏障区提供科学依据。     

樟子松人工林生长与收获预估模型的研究

以可变密度全林分预估模型理论为指导,探讨建立了樟子松人工林地位级指数和林分密度指数经验方程,结合林分密度动态预估模型,建立了樟子松人工林断面积预估模型和蓄积量预估模型。经检验模型预测值与实测值误差为3.64%,模型精度96.37%。     

Prediction of irrigation return flows through a hierarchical modeling approach

The quantity of water available for irrigation is getting scarce in many countries and it assumes great importance for assured crop production, especially in view of the erratic behavior of the monsoon. Thus, there is a pressing need to improve the water efficiency of irrigation systems. One-way of improving the efficiency of the irrigation system is reusing the return flow from the irrigation system. This task requires quantification of return flow, which still remains as a grey area in irrigation water management. The estimation of return flow from the irrigation system is usually obtained using thumb rules depending upon the site-specific conditions like command area conditions and soil properties. In this paper, a hierarchical modeling technique, namely, regression tree is developed for return flow estimation. Regression tree is built through binary recursive partitioning. The effective rainfall, inflow, consumptive water demand, and percolation loss are taken as predictor variables and return flow is treated as the target variable. The applicability of the hierarchical model is demonstrated through a case study of Periyar-Vaigai Irrigation System in Tamil Nadu, India. The model performance shows a good match between the simulated and the field measured return flow values. Results of statistical analysis indicated that the correlation coefficients are high for both single as well as double crop seasons.     

一种溶质运移数学模型的应用研究

土壤中溶质运移的过程、规律和机理是土壤溶质运移研究的主要内容。本文的目的是对模拟非饱和介质中水分和溶质迁移的二维数值模型SWMS－2D进行研究和验证。以硝酸盐形式存在的溶解氮是地下水中最常见的污染物，将硝态氮视为土壤溶质，考虑其根系吸收、生物固持、吸附、解吸、硝化和反硝化等作用，土壤表面即上边界条件用大气边界条件描述，下边界条件定为第一类边界条件，在田间条件下对模型作了检验。     

Analysis of Sewage-water Heat Exchanger withthe Function of Auto-de-fouling

A sewage-water shell-tube heat exchanger with the function of de-fouling was proposed and designed for sewage-source heat pump. Its new simulation program which relies on a distribution parameter computational method was set up. Then the model was solved with the method of Matrix Control. Based on the model, the distribution of bilateral fluid temperature were studied, under the conditions of different flow rates and heat exchange area before and after the de-fouling. Results showed that there will be heat anti-transfer phenomenon if the heat exchanger area is bigger than need and the region of this phenomenon was point out. Setting the function of auto-de-fouling in shell-tube heat exchanger and reducing the equipment's volume accordingly can make the sewage-water heat exchanger run in the best conditions.     

Factors affecting the adoption of agroforestry practices by farmers in Cameroon

This paper presents empirical evidence on the impact of socio-economic factors on the adoption of agroforestry practices in Cameroon. The analysis uses primary farm-level data collected from June to December 1996. Three major provinces of the country were covered, namely Centre, Southwest and Northwest Several agroforestry technologies have been promoted among farmers in the zone, including alley farming, improved fallow, live fencing, cut-and-carry fodder and apiculture. The status of adoption of each agroforestry practice is described and factors that affect adoption identified. These are gender of farmer, household family size, level of education, farmer’s experience, membership within farmers’ associations, contact with research and extension, security of land tenure, agroecological zone, distance of the village from nearest town, village accessibility and income from livestock. Research findings indicate that since factors affecting farmers’ adoption of agroforestry practices differ across techniques, generalisation is to be avoided.     

Spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in relation to spatial distributions of krill in the Ross Sea,Antarctica

The spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales in the Ross Sea with relation to spatial distributions of their prey – krill – was investigated in this study using generalized additive models (GAMs). Spatial distributions of two species of krill (ice and Antarctic krill) were estimated by GAMs. Three abiotic factors – distance from the continental shelf break (800 m isobaths), the mean temperature and salinity from the surface to 200 m (MTEM‐200 and MSAL‐200), and latitude and longitude – were used as covariates for models of krill. Estimated spatial distributions of krill were then used with other covariates to model the spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales. In the selected model of Antarctic minke whales, Antarctic krill were more influential than ice krill. The number of Antarctic minke whales increased as the density of Antarctic krill increased to around 1.5 g m^?2. Beyond that, the number of Antarctic minke whales decreased as the density of Antarctic krill increased. High densities of the Antarctic minke whales were estimated along the sea ice edge in the eastern part of the Ross Sea. Specifically, the densities were high in the north of the continental shelf break where low MTEM‐200 and MSAL‐200 and intermediate densities of Antarctic krill were observed. Further data collection is needed to investigate interannual variations and trends in their relationship. The results show that the spatial distribution of Antarctic minke whales is a function of longitude, distance from the shelf break, oceanographic condition (temperature and salinity), and densities of ice and Antarctic krill.     

兴安落叶松天然林树冠生长特性分析

分析兴安落叶松天然林分级木和林分冠生长特性,建立冠幅生长及单株冠、枝、叶生物量模型。结果表明:1)年龄36～39年、密度983～3263株·hm-2林分和年龄54～61年、密度1101～2241株·hm-2林分,随林分密度增加,分级木冠幅差距趋于减小;冠长占树高比例及冠长与冠幅比值增加;优势木、平均木和被压木平均冠积分别达22.479,15.296,6.179和26.864,11.154,8.192m3。2)年龄36～39年和54～61年林分优势木、平均木和被压木平均单株冠生物量分别为0.0082,0.0049,0.0009和0.0079,0.0038,0.0014t;占单株地上生物量平均比例分别达18.5%,24.2%,17.3%和15.9%,12.0%,20.5%。3)单株冠生物量分配中,枝比例高于叶比例,并因分级木不同而不同。年龄36～39年和54～61年林分,优势木、平均木、被压木枝生物量比例分别为76.6%,74.7%,66.6%和76.8%,73.3%,71.4%;叶生物量比例分别为23.4%,25.3%,33.4%和23.2%,26.7%,28.6%。4)年龄36～39年和54～61年林分,林分...     

植物生长发育过程中G蛋白偶联受体的研究进展

植物G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)可以调控细胞周期,参与多种信号转导途径进而影响植物生长发育。植物GPCRs介导的G蛋白信号转导途径是一种非常保守的信号机制。本研究归纳了植物GPCR介导的细胞信号途径组分,总结了植物GPCRs在生长发育中的功能,并分析了植物GPCR影响种子萌发、影响幼苗的发育、影响根的生长三方面的研究进展,提出了植物GPCR调控生长发育的模型。     

岩羊和马鹿对人与机动车反应的差异分析

人为干扰会对野生动物种间关系、个体适合度、群落结构和繁殖成功率等产生中长期的影响。因此,研究野生动物反干扰行为对于我们认识该物种对其生境的行为适应和进化机制具有重要意义。2017年11—12月在内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内通过建立多元逻辑斯蒂回归模型研究了岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的反干扰策略,本研究共设置33条样线,记录了10种在人为干扰下可能会影响岩羊、马鹿反应行为的变量,经模型分析发现影响岩羊反应行为的变量有5种,影响马鹿反应行为的变量有4种,共同影响因子分别是干扰源、性别、头的朝向和地形特征,而植被类型则只对岩羊产生影响。最后根据逻辑模型得出的数据计算发生比,从而了解各个分类变量与反应行为的关系。