转基因玉米双抗12-5对根际土壤酶活性及 微生物多样性的影响

采用田间试验研究了转基因玉米瑞丰1号-双抗-12-5(RF1-12-5)种植对根际土壤酶活性、微生物群落的影响,可为RF1-12-5的环境释放和商业化应用提供科学的安全性评价数据支持。研究结果表明:①在5个生育期内,RF1-12-5与其非转基因对照品种瑞丰1号(RF1)根际土壤碱性蛋白酶、脲酶和酸性转化酶活性均没有显著性差异;RF1-12-5根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性在收获期、碱性磷酸酶活性在乳熟期显著低于RF1,其他生育期差异不显著。②在5个生育期内,RF1-12-5与RF1根际土壤微生物群落的Shannon多样性指数、McIntosh均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数均不存在显著性差异,主成分分析未发现RF1-12-5与RF1根际微生物功能多样性存在规律性差异。     

Characterization of biochar and their influence on microbial activities and potassium availability in an acid soil

Application of biochar to soil has increased considerably during recent years because of its effectiveness as a soil amendment causing beneficial effects on soil health. However, the effects have been reported to vary and depend upon types of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions during biochar production. Therefore, characterization of biochar is extremely important for its efficient utilization as a soil amendment. In the present study, biochar was prepared from agro-industrial by-products (rice husk and sugarcane bagasse) and weeds (Parthenium and Lantana) under similar pyrolysis conditions. Lantana biochar (LBC) showed the highest pH (10.4) while the lowest value (8.5) being recorded in rice husk biochar (RHBC). The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicated that LBC and Parthenium biochar (PBC) were superior with respect to potassium (K) content than sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBBC) and RHBC. The Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study exhibited the existence of different functional groups in biochar. All the biochar treated soils showed significantly higher microbial activities with different degrees. Application of LBC and PBC at 4.50 g kg^?1 soil significantly increased K availability in soil. Lantana biochar and PBC amended the soil at 9 g kg^?1 significantly increased the soil pH thus makes these biochar as potential liming materials.     

沙地土壤C∶N∶P比对早期植物群落物种多样性的影响

为揭示土壤碳∶氮∶磷(C∶N∶P)比对植物群落物种多样性的影响,以宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区内沙地植物群落(沙柳群落和油蒿群落)为研究对象,调查计算了沙地植物群落的物种多样性,测定了群落中土壤C、N、P含量,分析讨论了土壤C∶N∶P比与沙地植物群落物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明,分布于流动、半固定沙地的沙柳群落其土壤C∶N∶P比对物种多样性的影响不显著,而分布于半固定、固定沙地的油蒿群落其土壤C∶N∶P比对物种多样性的影响显著。这说明沙地植物群落生物量不断增大的同时,枯枝落叶增多,土壤C、N、P显著增多,较大的土壤C∶N比与N∶P比与不断增大的物种多样性有趋同变化,因此,土壤的C∶N∶P比能够影响沙地植物群落的物种多样性。     

Manipulation of plant methylglyoxal metabolic and signaling pathways for improving tolerance to drought stress

Drought stress is considered one of the major constraints to crop production with devastating effects worldwide. Methylglyoxal (MG) homeostasis plays an essential role in promoting plant growth, development, metabolic adaptation, signal transduction, and thereby responses to drought stress. Manipulation of genes encoding aldose-aldehyde reductases (ALRs), aldo– keto reductases (AKRs), genes that are involved in maintaining high ascorbate:glutathione (AsA:GSH), glutathione:glutathione disulfide (GSH:GSSG) contents and ratios, as well as jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis are of critical importance for improving MG detoxification, and thereby tolerance to drought stress. MG detoxification by maintaining optimal abscisic acid (ABA), JA, salicyclic acid (SA), and brassinosteroid (BR) homeostasis and crosstalk is also essential to optimize plant performance under both normal and drought stress conditions.     

Leaf litter and crop residue decomposition in ginkgo agroforestry systems in eastern China: Soil fauna diversity and abundance,microbial biomass and nutrient release

The response of soil fauna to the litter decomposition process has received considerable attention,but this effect has not been fully examined in agroforestry systems.A 1-year in situ decomposition experiment was carried out in a pure ginkgo plantation and two ginkgo agroforestry systems using a litterbag method(11 different treatments were tested in three systems).We found that the application of different organic materials(crop residues)produced positive effects on the number of soil fauna in the ginkgo planting systems;the mixture of ginkgo leaves and corn leaves was the best performing treatment.Collembola and Acarina were the predominant groups in the litter bags and were mainly responsible for the differences among the treatments.Litter mixing promoted the abundance,richness,and diversity of soil fauna,and significant differences regarding the Shannon–Wiener index of the soil fauna were observed among the 11 treatments in July.Significantly higher soil MBC(microbial biomass carbon)and MBN(microbial biomass nitrogen)were observed in agroforestry systems than in pure ginkgo plantations.These results suggest that the practice of intercrop residue application plays an important role in enhancing soil ecosystem function in ginkgo agroforestry systems and may ultimately contribute to sustainable intercrop production,soil fertility,and local economic diversity.     

Effects of biochar and litter on carbon and nitrogen mineralization and soil microbial community structure in a China fir plantation

To investigate the effects of biochar addition(1 or 3%)to the soil of a China fir plantation with or without litter,we conducted a 90-day incubation experiment.We also studied the C and N dynamics and the microbial community structure of the soil.In soil without litter,the application of biochar at a rate of 3%significantly decreased CO2 emissions,while addition of 1%biochar had no effect.Biochar application did not affect the net N mineralization rate but significantly reduced the NH4?concentration after 90 days.In litter-enriched soil,biochar application had no significant effect on total CO2 emissions;however,application of 3%biochar significantly reduced the net N mineralization rate.Biochar application to soil with or without litter immediately reduced the dissolved organic carbon(DOC)concentration independent of the application rate,which was primarily due to sorption of DOC by the biochar.Phospholipid fatty acid analysis demonstrated that both concentrations of added biochar to soil(with or without litter)altered the soil microbial community structure at the end of incubation,although the effect of biochar was not as strong as the effect of time or litter application.The effect of biochar addition alone on microbial community structure was inconsistent over time.Litter added to soil significantly increased fungi and reduced Gram-positive bacteria.In the presence of litter,biochar applied at both 1%and 3%significantly increased(p<0.05)the proportion of actinomycete only at day 90.Our results indicate biochar as a potentially effective measure for C sequestration in the test soil of a China fir plantation,even in the presence of litter.     

不同生境准噶尔无叶豆群落特征及物种多样性研究

采用样带调查方法对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的3种典型生境(沙垄顶部、人工沙障和积沙平缓处)的准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)群落特征和物种多样性进行调查。结果表明,准噶尔无叶豆群落中包含19个物种,隶属于11科18属,单种科、单种属多,区系优势现象明显;依据Dufrene和Legendre的计算方法将准噶尔无叶豆群落划分为3个群丛:准噶尔无叶豆+白茎绢蒿+角果藜群丛、囊果薹草+准噶尔无叶豆+黑沙蒿群丛和准噶尔无叶豆+艾比湖沙拐枣+蛇麻黄群丛;植物区系种类以北温带广布成分占优势,主要特点为:具有典型的旱生植物分布特征;植物组成主要为适沙和耐旱的种类,结构、层次单调;准噶尔无叶豆群落多样性指数和丰富度指数均表现为积沙平缓处最高,沙垄顶部次之,人工沙障处最低,优势度指数则表现为相反的趋势。物种的丰富度指数、多样性指数与群落的结构以及立地环境条件等有密切的关系,结构复杂的群落较其他群落的多样性指数高,但由于人工沙障的特殊生境所形成的准噶尔无叶豆单优群落物种多样性指数则较低。     

城市绿地植物群落优化配置方法初探

植物群落是城市绿地的基本组成单元,群落结构的合理性是影响城市绿地健康稳定发展的关键。针对城市绿地群落结构中存在的树种选择违背适地适树原则、多样性不足,初植密度过大,植物配置跟风、结构不合理等问题;从优化植物群落配置的角度出发,分别从"树种选择—种植密度—配置模式—组合评价体系"等角度总结出当前国内对于城市绿地植物群落优化调控的方法和先进经验,提出了从物种选择、密度指标和格局设计等方面进行源头控制,加强群落结构动态发展管理和控制配置比例,根据评价体系不断升级城市绿地群落结构等优化策略。     

冬季居住区不同功能绿地PM2.5浓度变化及其与气象因子的关系

以杭州市临安区林水山居为研究对象,在2017年冬季采用实地测量法对居住区内3个不同功能绿地和对照点的PM 2.5 浓度、气象因子(温度、相对湿度、风速和光照强度)进行监测,评价绿地对居住区环境降低大气PM 2.5 浓度的作用,同时探讨环境因素对PM 2.5 浓度的影响。结果表明,居住区3个不同功能绿地和对照点的PM 2.5 浓度日变化趋势基本一致,呈“单峰单谷”型;PM 2.5 浓度均值从大到小依次是道路绿地>宅旁绿地>中心绿地>对照点。居住区的PM 2.5 浓度与温度呈负相关关系(R^2=0.794 6);与相对湿度呈正相关(R^2=0.642 5);与风速呈负相关;与光照强度呈负相关,可拟合为线性方程 y=95.3-4.7x,(0.05

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北京市五环内道路绿地土壤细菌群落结构特征

土壤细菌的群落结构特征能够准确反映当前土壤生态系统稳定性,为城市道路绿地的管理提供重要参考依据。以北京市五环内道路绿地为研究对象,选取34个样点进行土壤细菌高通量测序,探究北京市五环内道路绿地土壤细菌的群落组成、多样性和丰富度,并采用冗余分析(RDA)法分析土壤环境因子对细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,北京市五环内道路绿地土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度存在显著差异,且由市中心向外呈递减趋势;门分类水平下优势菌门包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)4类菌门,占土壤细菌总比的78%左右;属分类水平下主要由RB41、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、H16等优势属组成;属分类水平下细菌的群落结构组成较门分类水平呈现出更为明显的分异;RDA分析结果共解释了50.26%的变异,土壤含水量、全N、有机质和有效P与土壤细菌群落结构组成存在显著相关性。总体来看,北京市五环内道路绿地土壤养分状况处于中等偏下水平,可通过改善道路绿地的管理措施提升土壤质量,进而优化土壤细菌群落结构,提高土壤生态系统的稳定性。