日粮中不同比例小麦替代玉米对奶牛氮代谢参数的影响

为研究日粮中不同比例小麦替代玉米对奶牛氮代谢参数的影响,选择8头泌乳天数为84±17 d,体重为569±47 kg的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用重复4×4拉丁方设计,分别饲喂含不同比例粉碎小麦（ GW）和粉碎玉米（GC）的日粮,4个处理组分别为（DM基础）：W0组（0％GW＋27．9％GC）,W9．6组（9．6％GW＋19．2％GC）,W19．2组（19．2％GW＋9．6％GC）和W28．8组（28．8％GW＋0％GC）。结果表明：奶牛的产奶量、乳蛋白率和乳蛋白产量未受影响;随着日粮中小麦比例的增加,奶牛的干物质采食量（DMI）呈二次曲线增加趋势（P＝0．07）,牛奶尿素氮（MUN）浓度线性增加（P＜0．01）,且W28．8组显著高于W0和W19．2组（P＜0．01）;粪氮排出量未受日粮影响,尿氮排出量呈线性增加趋势（P＝0．08）;尿氮（P＝0．02）和总排出氮（粪氮＋尿氮）（P＝0．05）占食入氮的比例呈二次曲线降低;尿素氮产量（P＜0．01）及其占总尿氮的比例（P＝0．03）线性增加,且W19．2和W28．8组的尿素氮产量显著高于（P＝0．01）其他2组;尿中尿囊素（P＝0．05）和总嘌呤（P＝0．09）产量呈线性降低趋势,W9．6组的微生物氮产量显著（P＝0．02）高于W28．8组。结果提示：泌乳盛期奶牛日粮中用9．6％的粉碎小麦替代玉米效果最佳,高比例的小麦替代玉米（ W28．8组）时能够增加尿氮及奶和尿中尿素氮的排出量,降低微生物氮的合成。     

不同施肥条件下微生物对棕壤团聚体和碳分布的影响

以北京市延庆县绿富隆有机肥蔬菜研究基地长期定位肥料试验地为试验平台,利用湿筛法获得不同粒级的团聚体,通过16SrDNA-PCR-DGGE技术进行测序分析,研究不同施肥条件下微生物群落对棕壤土团聚体和碳分布的影响。结果表明,有机肥(OF)处理的0.25～2 mm水稳性团聚体增加,增加幅度为109.0%;0.053～0.25 mm和小于0.053 mm粒级团聚体的含量均下降,与CK(不施肥)相比分别下降了31.9%和142.1%。OF处理对土壤各粒级团聚体中碳含量均有显著提高,与CK相比,提高15.2%～46.9%,其中大于2 mm团聚体中碳含量提高了46.9%。棕壤碳含量与大于2 mm粒级团聚体含量呈正相关;与0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体呈极显著正相关;与0.053～0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量呈极显著负相关;与小于0.053 mm粒级团聚体呈显著负相关。     

外源微生物对苦参基质化发酵腐熟效果的影响

为探讨外源微生物对苦参枝屑基质化发酵堆体腐熟效果的影响,采用随机区组设计,以干燥鸡粪为氮源,进行接种外源微生物对苦参枝屑基质化发酵过程中发酵性能参数的影响试验。结果表明:接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂堆体升温速度显著快于对照,高温持续时间较长(高于50℃,均达到5 d),苦参堆体腐熟时间缩短;至堆体结束后接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂堆体TOC分别下降了8.52%和8.01%,碳氮比分别降低5.35%和5.00%,纤维素质量分数分别下降了3.31%和3.29%,半纤维素降解率分别下降了2.89%和2.93%,木质素分别下降了2.01%和1.98,总氮分别增加了18.2%和16.1%,总磷分别增加了19.0%和18.5%,总钾分别增加了48.1%和49.1%,加速了苦参基质有机质的分解和纤维素降解,提高了堆肥腐熟进程中的总氮、总磷和总钾含量,保证了腐熟后的肥力;接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂堆体容重分别增加了6.10%和9.20%,总孔隙度分别增加了9.28%和9.90%,持水孔隙度分别增加了4.83%和6.09%,腐熟后的各项理化指标均符合理想基质的要求;小白菜和黄瓜种子发芽指数均达到85%以上,有效消除了苦参腐解产物的毒害作用。接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂堆体的发酵性能参数间无显著差异,综合基质发酵温度、腐熟周期及基质保护作物根系生长及固定植株的功能对基质各项理化性质的要求,接种粗纤维降解菌和纤维素类酶制剂对苦参基质堆体基质化促进效果较优。     

热解温度对生物质炭性质及其在土壤中矿化的影响

以苹果树修剪的枝条为原料,分别在300、400、500、600℃条件下热解制备生物质炭,在采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、物理化学吸附仪等手段研究其性质、结构差异的基础上,通过培养试验研究不同温度制备生物质炭的矿化特征及其对土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭的碳含量、比表面积及碱性官能团的含量增加,O、H及H/C、O/C和酸性官能团、总官能团的含量则降低,生物质炭的芳香族结构加强,稳定性升高。添加生物质炭可以增加土壤呼吸速率、微生物量碳(MBC)及可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量,且随着添加比例的增加而增加,但随着热解温度的升高而降低。生物质炭的矿化率随着热解温度升高和添加比例增加而降低。利用双库模型揭示了生物质炭对土壤活性碳库、惰性碳库及其分解速率的影响。施用生物质炭后土壤有机碳的半衰期在24.09~44.76 a之间,且随生物质炭制备温度升高而增大。考虑到生物质炭制备过程中有机碳的损失,且从提升土壤有机碳含量方面考虑,500℃为制备苹果枝条生物质炭的最佳温度。     

基于卧式厌氧装置的稻秸高固态消化与甲烷菌变化研究

针对单一稻秸高固态厌氧消化长期运行不稳的问题,接种瘤胃内含物和厌氧污泥,在卧式反应装置中研究3个有机负荷(OLR)下消化特性。结果表明,体系最高容积产气率达到了1.04 L/(L·d)。当OLR为2.26 g/(L·d)时,甲烷体积分数均值为54.39%,甲烷产率为280.90 m L/g,达到了稻秸理论产值的80.29%。卧式装置中半纤维素和纤维素最高降解率分别达到了49.71%和31.25%;纤维素酶活性显著提高,有利于纤维素的降解。当OLR升高到2.47 g/(L·d)时,氨氮质量浓度均值达到了1 082.63 mg/L。固体样品中嗜氢型Methanobacteriales数量从1.70×10~9拷贝数/g下降至1.04×10~6拷贝数/g;而嗜乙酸型Methanosarcinales数量从7.89×10~6拷贝数/g增加至9.44×10~6拷贝数/g,甲烷产率下降为256.54 m L/g。此时厌氧装置中丙酸质量浓度均值达到了253.32 mg/L。从而明确了稻秸高固态体系中产甲烷菌结构的变化。     

Quantifying microbial biomass phosphorus in acid soils

 This study aimed to validate the fumigation-extraction method for measuring microbial biomass P in acid soils. Extractions with the Olsen (0.5 M NaHCO₃, pH 8.5) and Bray-1 (0.03 M NH₄F–0.025 M HCl) extractants at two soil:solution ratios (1 : 20 and 1 : 4, w/v) were compared using eight acid soils (pH 3.6–5.9). The data indicated that the flushes (increases following CHCl₃-fumigation) of total P (P_t) and inorganic P (P_i) determined by Olsen extraction provided little useful information for estimating the amount of microbial biomass P in the soils. Using the Bray-1 extractant at a soil:solution ratio of 1 : 4, and analysing P_i instead of P_t, improves the reproducibility (statistical significance and CV) of the P flush in these soils. In all the approaches studied, the P_i flush determined using the Bray-1 extractant at 1 : 4 provided the best estimate of soil microbial biomass P. Furthermore, the recovery of cultured bacterial and fungal biomass P added to the soils and extracted using the Bray-1 extractant at 1 : 4 was relatively constant (24.1–36.7% and 15.7–25.7%, respectively) with only one exception, and showed no relationship with soil pH, indicating that it behaved differently from added P_i (recovery decreased from 86% at pH 4.6 to 13% at pH 3.6). Thus, correcting for the incomplete recovery of biomass P using added P_i is inappropriate for acid soils. Although microbial biomass P in soil is generally estimated using the P_i flush and a conversion factor (k _P) of 0.4, more reliable estimates require that k _P values are best determined independently for each soil. Received: 3 February 2000     

The central role of microbial activity for iron acquisition in maize and sunflower

 Maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown on a calcareous soil showed poor growth and/or were chlorotic in spite of abundant Fe in the roots. It has been hypothesized that microbial siderophores chelate Fe (III) in the soil, and that in this form Fe is transported towards the root apoplast. On the calcareous soil, total and apoplastic root Fe concentrations were high, probably because of a high apoplastic pH depressing Fe (III)-reductase activity and thus the Fe²⁺ supply to the cytoplasm. On the acidic soil, total and apoplastic root Fe concentrations were low, probably because of a low apoplastic pH favouring Fe (III) reduction, hence plants showed no Fe-deficiency symptoms. The main objective of the present work was to investigate the role of microbial soil activity in plant Fe acquisition. For this purpose, plants were grown under sterile and non-sterile conditions on a loess loam soil. Plants cultivated under non-sterile conditions grew well, showed no Fe-deficiency symptoms and had fairly high Fe concentrations in the roots in contrast to plants grown in the sterile medium. Low root and leaf Fe concentrations in the axenic treatments indicated that the production of microbial siderophores was totally suppressed. Accordingly, sunflowers were severely chlorotic and this was associated with very poor growth, whereas in maize only growth was drastically reduced. In maize under sterile conditions, root apoplastic and total Fe concentrations were not as low as in sunflowers, which may have indicated that phytosiderophores produced in maize partly sustained Fe acquisition, but due to poor growth were not as efficient in supplying Fe as microbial activity under natural conditions. It may be therefore assumed that in natural habitats soil microbial activity is of pivotal importance for plant Fe acquisition. Received: 11 March 1999     

Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterisation of microbial communities in soil: a review

 This review discusses the analysis of whole-community phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles and the composition of lipopolysaccharides in order to assess the microbial biomass and the community structure in soils. For the determination of soil microbial biomass a good correlation was obtained between the total amount of PLFAs and the microbial biomass measured with methods commonly used for determinations such as total adenylate content and substrate-induced respiration. Generally, after the application of multivariate statistical analyses, whole-community fatty acid profiles indicate which communities are similar or different. However, in most cases, the organisms accounting for similarity or difference cannot be determined, and therefore artefacts could not be excluded. The fatty acids used to determine the biomass vary from those which determine the community structure. Specific attention has to be paid when choosing extraction methods in order to avoid the liberation of fatty acids from non-living organic material and deposits, and to exclude the non-target selection of lipids from living organisms, as well. By excluding the fatty acids which were presumed to be common and widespread prior to multivariate statistical analysis, estimates were improved considerably. Results from principal component analysis showed that determining the levels of fatty acids present in both low and high concentrations is essential in order to correctly identify microorganisms and accurately classify them into taxonomically defined groups. The PLFA technique has been used to elucidate different strategies employed by microorganisms to adapt to changed environmental conditions under wide ranges of soil types, management practices, climatic origins and different perturbations. It has been proposed that the classification of PLFAs into a number of chemically different subgroups should simplify the evaluating procedure and improve the assessment of soil microbial communities, since then only the subgroups assumed to be involved in key processes would be investigated. Received: 24 August 1998     

田林老山南坡森林植被的生态学研究 Ⅰ.森林植被主要类型和分布

田林老山南坡位于桂西北田林县境,主峰海拔2062.5m,面积约350km~2。该区木本植物79科210属452种。其植物区系特点为:区系成分起源古老,特有种较多,成分复杂,地理替代和垂直带替代明显,热带、亚热带性质强。主要森林类型有:杜鹃、吊钟、红果树等组成的山顶矮林;稠、栲、木荷、木莲、水青冈、枫香等组成的常绿落叶阔叶混交林;栲、石栎、楠、润楠、茶等组成的常绿阔叶林;桦木、马尾树、拟赤杨、枫香、桤木、栋、山柳等组成的次生落叶阔叶林;黄杞、浆果楝、扁担杆、水锦树等组成的常绿阔叶灌丛;山柳、南烛、木姜子等组成的落叶阔叶灌丛;平脉椆、红荷木、海南蒲桃等组成的谷地常绿、半常绿阔叶林;细叶云南松、矩鳞油杉等组成的南亚热带针叶林;以及人工栽培的松、杉等组成的亚热带针叶林。森林植被垂直带谱是:海拔250～800m,南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林带(由于人为干扰剧烈,已消失);海拔800～1500m,山地常绿阔叶林带;海拔l500～1900m,常绿落叶阔叶混交林带;海拔1900m以上,山顶矮林带。     

The effect of disturbance by Phellinus weirii on decomposition and nutrient mineralization in a Tsuga mertensiana forest

Summary Microbial biomass in the upper 7 cm of soil and needle decomposition on the forest floor were measured seasonally for 10 months in a mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) old-growth forest and in a regrowth forest after Phellinus weirii, a root-rot pathogen infection, had caused disturbance. The microbial biomass was higher in the old-growth forest soil than in the regrowth forest soil. However, T. mertensiana needle decomposition rates were higher in the regrowth than in the old-growth forest. Total N, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn concentrations in needles increased during the 1st year of decomposition in both the old and the regrowth forests, but P, K, Mg, Mn, and B concentrations decreased. N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentrations were lower in regrowth than in old-growth decomposing needles. During mineralization, needles in the regrowth forests released more N, P, and K as a result of higher needle decomposition rates. Our results suggest that higher needle decomposition rates increased the mineralization of N, P, and K, which may lead to increased soil fertility and faster tree growth rates in the regrowth forest.