Relative abundance and activity of melanized hyphae in different soil ecosystems

Here we report on the frequency of melanized fungal hyphae in 323 soils, covering different land use types. The proportion of total hyphae that was melanized averaged 61%. Arable fields with loamy sand, heathlands and city parks on sandy soils had the highest percentage of melanized hyphae. In addition to the frequency determinations, a microcosm study was performed on the role of melanized hyphae in two different ecosystems: an ex-arable field and a forest. Melanized hyphae appeared to be part of the active hyphae in the forest soil but not in the ex-arable soil. In conclusion, our results indicate that (1) melanized hyphae represent a large proportion of the total fungal biomass in soils and that (2) their function might differ between ecosystems.     

Compartmentalization of the soil animal food web as indicated by dual analysis of stable isotope ratios (N/N and C/C)

The soil animal food web has become a focus of recent ecological research but trophic relationships still remain enigmatic for many taxa. Analysis of stable isotope ratios of N and C provides a powerful tool for disentangling food web structure. In this study, animals, roots, soil and litter material from a temperate deciduous forest were analysed. The combined measurement of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C provided insights into the compartmentalization of the soil animal food web. Leaf litter feeders were separated from animals relying mainly on recent belowground carbon resources and from animals feeding on older carbon. The trophic pathway of leaf litter-feeding species appears to be a dead end, presumably because leaf litter feeders (mainly diplopods and oribatid mites) are unavailable to predators due to large size and/or strong sclerotization. Endogeic earthworms that rely on older carbon also appear to exist in predator-free space. The data suggest that the largest trophic compartment constitutes of ectomycorrhizal feeders and their predators. Additionally, there is a smaller trophic compartment consisting of predators likely feeding on enchytraeids and potentially nematodes.     

FACE对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性影响的研究

2005、2006年利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE）研究平台,设计施N量为125kg·hm^-2（LN）、250kg·hm^-2（NN）处理,研究大气CO2浓度比对照高200umol·mol^-1的FACE处理对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性的影响。结果表明：（1）FACE处理使汕优63不同生育时期单位干质量根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、α-萘胺氧化量等根系活性指标均极显著小于对照。由于FACE处理促进汕优63根系发生量的大幅度增加,因此分蘖期、拔节期其单穴根系活性与对照多无明显差异,到抽穗期FACE处理单穴根系活性显著大于对照;（2）拔节期、抽穗期汕优63每穴的不定根数、不定根总长度、根系体积、根干质量与单位干质量根系活性的关系密切,根量越大单位于质量根系活性越低;（3）不同生育时期汕优63植株含氮率与单位干质量的根系活性多呈正相关,植株碳氮比与单位干质量的根系活性多呈负相关;（4）FACE处理汕优63根系生长量大、植株含氮率低、碳氮比高等可能是造成其单位干质量根系活性低于对照的重要原因。     

硫脲对花生苗期的毒理效应研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了硝化抑制剂硫脲对花生的生物量、叶片金属离子含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。结果表明,在低浓度硫脲范围内,其对花生的生长有明显的促进作用,叶片叶绿素含量较高,3种酶的活性随硫脲浓度的增加而升高,体内MDA含量随硫脲浓度的增加而降低;但当硫脲浓度达到5．0mmol·kg^-1。土时,对植株和根系的生长产生了明显的抑制作用,叶片叶绿素含量明显降低,3种酶的活性明显降低,体内MDA的含量显著增加,表明此时硫脲对花生产生了明显的胁迫和毒害作用。     

施肥对稻田N2O排放的影响

肥料施用是影响稻田N20排放的重要因素之一。以国内外相关文献为基础,综述了肥料的种类、施用量、施用方式和施用时间对稻田N2O排放的影响,指出了有待研究的内容：加强对土壤N2O排放机理的研究;进一步研究肥料施用对稻田N2O排放的影响;进一步研究施肥管理措施对稻田温室气体（CH4和N2O）排放的交互影响,寻求科学合理、切实可行的减排措施。     

浙北平原不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤氮磷的积累及环境风险评价

长期过量施肥可导致蔬菜地土壤养分大量累积、养分利用效率下降和环境污染风险增加。以浙北平原不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,采用化学测试方法研究了菜地土壤氮和磷的积累及其淋失潜力的变化。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加,蔬菜地土壤全磷、有效磷（Olsen P）和NO3-N呈明显的积累;蔬菜种植年限为〈2、2～5、6～10、11～20、20～30和＆gt;30a的表土全P平均分别为0.66、0.75、1.07、1.49、2.40和2.12g·kg-1,有效P平均分别为13.2、37.8、42.2、70.2、137.9和101.7mg·kg-1,NO3-N平均分别为9.15、13.58、50.18、46.48、73.28和74.20mg·kg-1,同时土壤N和P垂直下移渐趋明显。土壤水溶性磷含量随土壤有效磷（OlsenP）积累的变化存在一个明显的突变点,相对应的土壤OlsenP临界值约为60mg·kg-1。随着种植年限增长,蔬菜地地表径流中氮和磷浓度呈明显增加,利用年限为20～30a的蔬菜地径流中可溶性P和NO3-N浓度分别约为利用年限〈2a蔬菜地的13.12和9.48倍。研究认为,长期超量施肥已导致这一地区蔬菜地土壤养分的过度积累,在蔬菜生产中应重视和提倡平衡施肥,控制土壤氮磷的积累。     

紫色土丘陵区非耕作季节不同种植模式下N P流失模型

为了解长江上游紫色土丘陵区非耕作季节N、P的流失特征,以长江上游紫色土丘陵区4种典型种植模式为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内分析和模型模拟相结合的方法,于2008年11月1日至12月31日研究了耕作季节后不同种植模式在每次降雨后的N、P流失特征及不完全混合模型的综合应用效果。结果表明,非耕作季节,紫色农耕地均表现出较大的N、P流失量,最大分别达到（0.491±0.079）kg·hm-2和（12.604±13.173）×10-3kg·hm-2。N的流失量均大于P的流失量,并且N、P主要通过地表径流流失。不同种植模式间N、P流失量有较大的差异,其中生姜种植模式的N、P流失量最大,大豆种植模式最小。不完全混合模型可很好应用于研究区域农耕地N、P流失。模型的有效系数均达到0.6以上,其中模拟N流失的有效系数高达0.958。这表明,非耕作季节农耕地N、P流失是区域农业面源污染的重要来源,不完全混合模型可成为该区域N、P流失预报和面源污染控制的重要手段。     

沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究

以富营养化类型不同的乌梁素海和岱海为对象,根据水域面积及生态类型进行采样及分析测试,开展了湖泊沉积物中微生物量与有机碳形态的相关性研究,对比分析了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量的分布特征及其差异性,初步探讨了2个湖泊沉积物微生物量与含水率、pH及有机碳各形态间的相关性。结果表明,乌梁素海表层沉积物中微生物量介于5.59×10^8～32.46×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均16.36×10^8个·g^-1dw;岱海表层沉积物微生物量介于4.76×10^8～43.66×10^8个·g^-1dw,平均25.04×10^8个·g^-1dw;乌梁素海微生物量的高值区位于湖区东南部,岱海微生物量的高值区位于湖心区;2个湖泊沉积物柱芯中的微生物量均随深度增加而减少,沉积物微生物量与含水率、总氮和活性有机碳呈显著相关性。     

设施和露天栽培下有机菜地土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用的比较研究

矿化作用和硝化作用是土壤氮素转化的主要途径,通过室内培养试验,对设施和露天栽培方式下有机菜地土壤氮素的矿化与硝化作用进行了比较研究。结果表明,除培养第1d外,设施有机菜地土壤氮素矿化量、矿化率在整个培养期间都显著高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤硝化量、硝化率在培养前两周内高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤矿化与硝化作用总体比露天有机菜地土壤强烈。矿化作用可能与全氮、C/N、微生物活性关系密切,而硝化作用强弱可能与微生物活性有关。无论施肥与否,设施有机菜地土壤N2O排放速率在培养期间总体高于露天有机菜地土壤,前者N2O累积排放量显著高于后者,这可能与土壤C/N有关。     

Impact of land-use types on soil nitrogen net mineralization in the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing,China

Changes of land-use type (LUT) can affect soil nutrient pools and cycling processes that relate long-term sustainability of ecosystem, and can also affect atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and global warming through soil respiration. We conducted a comparative study to determine NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ concentrations in soil profiles (0–200 cm) and examined the net nitrogen (N) mineralization and net nitrification in soil surface (0–20 cm) of adjacent naturally regenerated secondary forests (NSF), man-made forests (MMF), grasslands and cropland soils from the windy arid and semi-arid Hebei plateau, the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing, China. Cropland and grassland soils showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations than forest soils. NO₃⁻-N accounted for 50–90% of inorganic N in cropland and grassland soils, while NH₄⁺-N was the main form of inorganic N in NSF and MMF soils. Average net N-mineralization rates (mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹) were much higher in native ecosystems (1.51 for NSF soils and 1.24 for grassland soils) than in human disturbed LUT (0.15 for cropland soils and 0.85 for MMF soils). Net ammonification was low in all the LUT while net nitrification was the major process of net N mineralization. For more insight in urea transformation, the increase in NH₄⁺ and, NO₃⁻ concentrations as well as C mineralization after urea addition was analyzed on whole soils. Urea application stimulated the net soil C mineralization and urea transformation pattern was consistent with net soil N mineralization, except that the rate was slightly slower. Land-use conversion from NSF to MMF, or from grassland to cropland decreased soil net N mineralization, but increased net nitrification after 40 years or 70 years, respectively. The observed higher rates of net nitrification suggested that land-use conversions in the Hebei plateau might lead to N losses in the form of nitrate.