Enhancement of revegetation on construction fill by fertilizer and topsoil application: Effect on mycorrhizal infection

The influence of topsoil and fertilizer application on denuded road construction sites was evaluated to assess its contribution to improvement of vegetation re-establishment. the study sites were within a mixed hardwood and conifer forest on crushed, unweathered subsurface material with low fertility and low biological activity. Topsoils were removed from the site, stockpiled and reapplied to the site after construction. the effect of topsoil amendment on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and an index of microbial biomass were measured in field and greenhouse experiments. Plant growth on the topsoil amended field plots were greatly increased relative to treatments with fertilizer but no topsoil. Three years after establishment, dry weight production on the plots without topsoil treatment was about 40 per cent of the plots treated with topsoil. Greenhouse experiments were designed to compare fresh, dried and stockpiled topsoil. These experiments indicated that storage of the harvested topsoil for five months in a stockpile had minor effects on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and microbial biomass. Topsoil volumes had to exceed 20 per cent of the total soil volume to achieve statistically significant benefits and higher ratios showed greater benefit. the percentage of mycorrhizal infection was greatest in topsoil treatments without fertilizer. the addition of fertilizer increased growth but reduced the percentage of roots forming mycorrhizae. When the total weight of infected roots was calculated, however, infection was found to be greatest with a moderate level of fertilizer (equivalent to approximately 27 kg N ha⁻¹ and 39 kg P ha⁻¹), and was less in both higher fertilizer treatments and in unfertilized treatments. Topsoil amendment increased microbial biomass nitrogen but fertilizer treatment did not.     

生物质成型燃料热风采暖炉的设计与研究

根据生物质成型燃料燃烧特性,设计制造出适合燃用生物质成型燃料的专用采暖热风炉,并对其进行了热性能分析。结果表明,在较好工况下,其燃烧效率可达85.03%~92.06%,热效率可达44.82%~55.85%,为解决农村地区采暖问题提供了有效途径.     

蘖穗肥氮素配比对水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响

在江苏沿江地区,以迟熟中粳品种通育粳1号为材料,研究了270 kg/hm2施氮量、有机氮肥占比40%作基肥施用情况下,分蘖肥和穗肥氮素配比对水稻产量、稻米品质及其氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:生育前期氮肥(蘖肥)比例提高,单位面积穗数增加,每穗粒数减少。在早施分蘖肥情况下,产量以蘖肥占比20%>10%>30%;蘖肥和穗肥不同配比对糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白率等品质指标的影响差异不显著,不同处理间的稻米直链淀粉含量存在较大差异,稻米蛋白质含量随穗肥比例提高而增加,当穗肥占50%时,稻米淀粉RVA谱出现显著变化,主要表现为峰值粘度降低、崩解值减少、消解值增大和糊化温度提高;大田促蘖和保蘖肥各占10%、促花占30%、保花占10%时,有利于协调水稻产量和稻米品质,同时具有较高的氮素利用率。     

木荷幼苗在林窗不同生境中的形态响应与生物量分配

对从林窗边缘到林窗中央环境梯度上3种不同生境的木荷幼苗的主要形态因子和生物量进行了测定,结果表明,3种生境下木荷幼苗的形态数量指标表现出极显著的差异,从林窗边缘到林窗中央,随着光照等环境条件的改善,其生长量和生物量逐渐增加。生物量的分配格局基本相似,但叶和主茎生物量表现出显著的差异,林窗边缘处,木荷幼苗将生物量相对多地分配到地上叶构件上,林窗中央处,则相对多地分配到地上主茎上。研究显示,木荷幼苗具有喜光能耐阴的特性。运用非线性幂函数拟合了不同生境木荷幼苗生物量模型,回归模型较好地反映了生物量随苗高、地径的变化趋势,可作为环境条件类似的木荷幼苗生物量预测的依据。     

One-time fertilization at first flowering improves lint yield and dry matter partitioning in late planted short-season cotton

Cotton producers have substantially reduced their inputs(labor, nutrients, and management) mainly by adopting a shortseason cropping management that is characterized by late sowing, high density, and reduced fertilization with one-time application at the first bloom stage without lint yield reduction. However, it has been hypothesized that one-time fertilization at an earlier growth stage could be a more effective and economic management practice. A two-year field experiment was conducted by applying five fertilizer one-time fertilization at 0(FT1), 5(FT2), 10(FT3), 15(FT4), and 20(FT5) days after the first flower appeared in the field and one three-split fertilizer application taken as the conventional control(FT6), making six treatments altogether. Cotton growth period, biomass accumulation, yield, and its formation were quantified. The results showed that the one-time fertilization did not affect the cotton growth progress as compared to FT6, however, the total crop cycles for FT3–FT5 were 3 days shorter. FT1 produced the highest cotton lint yield(1 396 kg ha–1), which was similar to the FT6 but higher than the other treatments, and could be attributed to more bolls per unit area and higher lint percentage. Cotton yield was positively correlated with cotton plant biomass accumulated. FT1 had both the highest average(VT)(193.7 kg ha–1 d–1) and the highest maximum(VM)(220.9 kg ha–1 d–1) rates during the fast biomass accumulation period. These results suggest that one-time fertilizer application at the first flower stage might be an adjustment that is more effective than at first bloom, and allowed for easier decision making for application date due to non counting of plants with flowers is needed.     

作物根系形态对施肥措施的响应

氮磷钾是植物生长所必需的营养元素,但土壤中植物能利用的有效成分低,限制作物生长发育,而植物可以形成特有的适应机制来应对不同的生长环境。本文综述了作物为适应不同施肥条件所产生的一系列根系形态学变化。分析了不同施肥处理对作物根系形态指标(根长、根表面积、根直径、根体积和根冠比等)的影响：氮对作物影响主要在侧根,低氮胁迫下,根系纵向伸长,增加根长、根体积;低磷条件下,植物普遍抑制主根生长,刺激侧根发育生长,诱导根毛形成;缺钾抑制细根生长,根表面积、根体积等也显著降低;普遍随元素水平的提高,作物根长、根体积、根直径、根表面积和其他根系特征均呈先增加后减少的趋势,植物根系发育产生“低促高抑”的现象;有机肥比化肥可以弥补化肥养分单一和供肥不平衡的缺点,与化肥配合施用更能促进根系生长发育,增加根系体积和总表面积;作物不同基因型品种对肥料胁迫的响应也不尽相同,高效基因型具有良好的根系形态和根系分布,以获得更多的养分。为有效利用有限的肥料资源以及高效作物品种的选种提供理论基础,对作物进一步达到经济收益最大化和环境污染最小化具有重要意义。     

滴灌施肥对幼龄茶树生长和养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验,研究了龙井43、白叶1号品种茶园滴灌施肥对幼龄茶树生长、养分吸收、品质成分等的影响,分析了不同施肥模式下的施肥成本投入情况。结果表明,与常规开沟施肥相比,采用滴灌施肥后,即使在化肥减量25%的情况下,树高、主干直径、树幅都显著增加,修剪物生物量增加明显;茶树对养分的吸收量明显增加,而养分的渗漏损失明显减少,从而提高了养分利用效率。从滴灌施肥的次数上分析,龙井43品种,在试验条件下年施肥次数7次可以达到较好效果,而白叶1号品种,年施14次的效果较好。     

氮磷钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响

为明确不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响,以济麦22为供试材料,设置F0（不施肥）、F1（N 180 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）、F2（N 225 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 120 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）和F3（N 270 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 165 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）4个施肥量处理,比较分析开花后不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦叶面积指数、冠层不同层次光截获特性和成熟期干物质分配的影响。结果表明,F1处理下叶面积指数显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异;开花后15 d,F1处理下小麦冠层不同层次及总PAR截获率和截获量均显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。F1处理下成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官中的分配量、籽粒中的分配量及总干物质积累量显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官和籽粒中的分配量以及总干物质积累量与冠层上层（顶部至株高2/3）、中层（株高2/3至株高1/3）和总PAR截获率均呈显著正相关。F1处理（N 180 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

C/N比对好氧堆肥中NH3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响

利用牛粪和不同比例玉米秸秆的混合,设置5个不同C/N比处理(T1=15、T2=20、T3=25、T4=30、T5=35),研究其对条垛式好氧堆肥过程中的NH_3挥发损失和含氮有机物转化的影响。结果表明:在肥堆前24 d有11.1%～23.1%的总氮损失,堆体C/N比越低,总氮损失率越高。堆肥结束时,T1～T5处理的总氮损失率为10.1%～24.1%,其中由NH_3挥发造成的氮损失占总氮损失的30.9%～40.5%。堆肥过程的NH_3挥发主要发生在升温期和高温期,此期的NH_3挥发量占总挥发量的95%以上,是总氮损失的主要途径。堆肥前6 d各处理堆体铵态氮积累并达到最高值,导致pH值迅速升高,是造成堆肥NH_3挥发的直接原因。堆体C/N比越低,pH值越高,NH_3挥发量越大,由此造成的氮损失占总氮损失的比例越大。堆肥材料总氮的90%以上为有机氮,其降解主要发生在堆肥前24 d,堆体初始C/N比越低,有机氮矿化越快。不同有机氮组分的降解速率不同,以氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮的降解为主。当堆体初始C/N比低于25时,堆肥材料中氨基酸态氮和酰胺态氮等有机态氮快速降解产生大量的铵态氮,由此导致堆体pH值的迅速升高,是导致堆肥过程中大量NH_3挥发和氮素损失的主要原因。