流域输沙函数应用的尺度限制

阐述了在流域产沙预测模型研究中,将试验水平范围的输沙函数的运用范围扩大,产生了数据来源的不确定性或错误的原因在于:模型不完善、重要过程的省略、初始条件的缺乏、初始条件的敏感度、异质性问题、外部动力等。数据来源的不确定性在小尺度、短时间内是能够控制的。大尺度的异质性是使得输沙函数不能仅仅建立在数量化的基础上,而应是系统历史的函数。因此,大尺度的流域产沙模型必须建立在突变量的发现及其相应的动力特征基础上,而不应是试验模型按比例放大。     

基于小区育种的收获机智能测产系统

摘要：目前,中国境内大部分育种单位产量测试主要采用人工抽检方式完成,劳动强度大,工作效率低,测试数据的质量与发达国家所采用的测产系统相距甚远。为解决这一问题,该文设计研制了一种基于小区育种的收获机测产系统。该测产系统包括上位机和下位机两部分。下位机采用美国TI公司的MSP430单片机,通过粮食水分传感器,重量传感器,环境温湿度传感器,GPS模块,获取收获机的产量、粮食水分含量、环境温湿度及GPS地理位置等信息。上位机采用能够运行MCGS组态软件的嵌入式触摸屏作为人机交互界面。下上位机通过RS-232串口及Modbus协议实现通讯,完成数据的传输。该系统可以自动实现地块号与产量相关数据的准确对应关系,并利用U盘实现海量数据的导入、导出等数据管理功能。并利用虚拟试验验证了该收获机测产系统方案正确和可行,并且可明显提高育种测产的工作效率和数据的准确性。     

施钾量对高产夏玉米产量和钾素利用的影响

选用登海661 (DH661)和郑单958 (ZD958)为试验材料,研究了高产条件下施钾量对夏玉米产量、钾素吸收和利用特性的影响。结果表明,夏玉米产量、钾素农学利用率和钾素回收率随施钾量的增加先增高后逐渐降低,钾肥偏生产力随施钾量的增加显著降低。通过二次曲线模拟,DH661在施钾量为K2O 184 kg/hm2时产量最高,ZD958在施钾量为201 kg/hm2达到最高产量,前者比后者产量高13.2%,而施钾量低8.56%。达到最高产量时,DH661每生产100 kg籽粒需吸收K2O 2.55kg,而ZD958需吸收K2O 3.20 kg。钾素主要在吐丝前吸收,籽粒中的钾素大部分来源于营养器官的转移,施用钾肥促进了钾素向籽粒的转运。本试验条件下,施K2O为180kg/hm2时,可提高钾肥利用率,获得高产。     

The growth of tagestes erecta,petunia hybrida nana compacta and myosotis alpestris in a range of peat‐based container media

Abstract

The dry matter yield and nitrogen content of marigold (Tagestes erecta), petunia (Petunia hybrida nana compacta) and forget‐me‐not (Myosotis alpestris) plants growing in a range of peat‐based container media amended with different proportions of either sand, perlite, pumice, sawdust, bark chips or soil were studied under glasshouse nursery conditions.

Plant responses differed between species as manifested by their different correlations with measured moisture and aeration characteristics of the media. Marigold and petunia were adversely affected by excessive moisture content as demonstrated by their negative correlation with micropore water and container capacity. However, forget‐me‐not, being adapted to relatively high moisture regimes, responded adversely to increased aeration.     

Diagnostic techniques for cereals based on plant analysis II. Diagnosis and yield prognosis models

Abstract

In a relationship between the grain yields and concentrations of a nutrient element at a well defined stage of development under varying growing conditions, i.e. 2.0 g Dry Matter weight (DMw) per hill, the boundary line concept dictates that the grain yield corresponding to the points along the boundary of data points is predominantly determined by the varying concentrations of the respective nutrient element. These concentrations, defined as “Pure‐effect Concentrations,”; form the bases to develop the pure‐effect yield curves. Pure‐effect yield curves were developed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na. The absolutely optimal concentrations or absolute reference values, i.e. the concentrations of various nutrient elements at 2.0 g DMw level corresponding to maximum grain yield, were found to be 3.3% N, 0.36% P, 3.9% K, 1.3% Ca, 0.25% Mg and 0.03% Na.

The relationships were developed between the concentrations of other nutrient elements corresponding to pure‐effect concentrations of a nutrient element in question in all combinations by treating each nutrient element as pure‐effect nutrient at a time. These relationships enable one to determine the varying optimal concentrations of other nutrient elements corresponding to the concentrations of the pure‐effect nutrient. These concentrations are defined as “Relatively Optimal Concentrations”; or “Relative Reference Values.”;

The absolute and relative reference values are the bases for developing the diagnosis and yield prognosis models which can be used to evaluate the nutritional status of lowland rice plants and to predict the grain yield based on the elemental composition of plants at 2.0 g DMw per hill. The procedure for the application of diagnosis and yield prognosis models is demonstrated. A very good agreement was found between the grain yield predicted by using these models and the actual yields, thus indicating a high degree of accuracy in predicting the grain yield.     

Predicted effect of temperature and n fertilization on crop response of four cultivars of head lettuce

Abstract

An investigation was conducted on an Olivier silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic aquic, Fragiudalfs) at two locations to determine the influence of 6 seasonal temperatures and 4 N rates on head diameter, head weight, tissue NO₃ concentration and crop yield of 4 head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars. An analysis of covariance was used to establish prediction equations for each dependent variable. Temperature was shown to have a significant curvilinear influence on all crop parameters. There was a significant cultivar X temperature interaction with respect to all dependent variables except tissue NO₃ concentration. Calculated optimum mean temperatures for maximum head diameters, head weights, and yields for all cultivars were found to range between 17.4° and 18.2°C.

Fertilizer N effects were significant on head weight and crop yield. Nitrogen rate did not significantly affect young leaf tissue N0₃ concentration. Greater tissue NO₃ levels were found at lower temperatures in the covariate range.

At optimum temperatures, the cultivar ‘Fairton’ produced larger diameter heads and greater yields.     

Relationship between Oil Palm Yield and Soil Fertility as Affected by Topography in an Indonesian Plantation

Abstract

Typically, Indonesian oil palm plantations rest on rolling topography. There is limited information on how topography affects soil fertility and oil palm yields. A study was conducted to evaluate these relationships in a commercial oil palm plantation located in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Two sites with differing past management history and fertility regimes were each partitioned into three topographic positions. At each topographic position, yields were recorded at 10‐day intervals over a period of 2 years. Leaf and soil samples were collected from corresponding points spaced at 36.4 m (x direction) and 8.7 m (y direction) using a systematic scheme. Leaf analysis was performed to quantify nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca), and soil analysis was carried out to determine pH, organic carbon (C), extractable P, exchangeable K, Mg, and Ca, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), and texture. The collected data were subjected to exploratory, univariate, and bivariate analyses, as well as analysis of variance. Empirical production functions based on measured variables were defined for each topographic position. Results showed that average yields at both study sites varied with topographic position. At site 1 (Sungai Pelepah Estate), the sideslope and the summit consistently gave higher yields than the toeslope. At site 2 (Sri Gunung Estate), a yield gradient was observed with the highest yield occurring at the toeslope and the lowest yield from the summit. Soil fertility varied across topographic positions at both sites. The measured leaf/soil variables showed varying levels of optimality/sufficiency across topographic positions. In most cases, leaf and soil variables showed comparable performance as yield predictors. Validation of the calibrated models showed reasonable accuracy for the toeslope of site 1 and all three positions at site 2.     

Comparative Effect of Phosphorus Sources for Grain Amaranth Production

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is expensive to the sub‐Saharan African resource‐poor farmers; therefore, there is a need for investigation of locally available alternative P sources to enhance farmers' productivity. Optimum P rate was determined during the early and late rains of 1999. Using the optimum P rate, influences of three P sources ogun rock phosphate (ORP), sokoto rock phosphate (SRP), single super phosphate (SSP) and a control were evaluated on amaranth varieties in 2000 at the vegetable research plots of the National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan, Nigeria. In 1999, three grain amaranth varieties (NH84/452, NH84/445, and NH84/493) were combined factorially with four P rates: 0, 30, 60, and 90 kgP/ha. Application of P significantly increased plant height, number of branches, leaf dry weight, and grain yield (GY) per plant. Significant increase in GY was in the order NH/493>NH/445>NH/452. Optimum P rates across varieties for leaf dry‐matter yield was established at 51.8 kgP/ha and for grain yield production was 48.4 kgP/ha. The experiment in the following year, 2000, was a RCB design using the optimum P determined in 1999. Three P sources (ORP, SRP, SSP) and a control were factorially combined with the three amaranth varieties. In the 2000 experiment, grain yield was 21.3, 16.9, 16.0, and 7.8 g/plant, respectively, for SSP, SRP, ORP, and the control. Growth was ranked in the order SSP>ORP>SRP>control. It was concluded for fertilizer recommendation purposes that 50 kgP/ha is optimum for grain amaranth production and that amaranth productivity indices could be alternatively improved with indigenous P sources.     

Effects of Arsenic‐Contaminated Irrigation Water on Growth,Yield, and Nutrient Concentration in Rice

Abstract

A study was undertaken to determine the effects of different concentrations of arsenic (As) in irrigation water on Boro (dry‐season) rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effects on the following Aman (wet‐season) rice. There were six treatments, with 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg As L^?1 applied as disodium hydrogen arsenate. All the growth and yield parameters of Boro rice responded positively at lower concentrations of up to 0.25 mg As L^?1 in irrigation water but decreased sharply at concentrations more than 0.5 mg As L^?1. Arsenic concentrations in grain and straw of Boro rice increased significantly with increasing concentration of As in irrigation water. The grain As concentration was in the range of 0.25 to 0.97 µg g^?1 and its concentration in rice straw varied from 2.4 to 9.6 µg g^?1 over the treatments. Residual As from previous Boro rice showed a very similar pattern in the following Aman rice, although As concentration in Aman rice grain and straw over the treatments was almost half of the As levels in Boro rice grain. Arsenic concentrations in both grain and straw of Boro and Aman rice were found to correlate with iron and be antagonistic with phosphorus.     

Analysis of Yield Response Variability to Nitrogen Fertilization in Experiments Performed in the Argentine Pampas

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization has become a common practice in corn and wheat crops in the Argentine Pampas during the past decade. In this region, great environmental variability determines erratic responses to fertilization. The quantity of data necessary for defining yield response models to N has not been investigated, and the relative yield transformation, combined with the total nutrient approach, has been widespread when analyzing fertilizer response results. The objectives were to determine the minimum data set necessary for fitting average yield functions suitable for fertilizer recommendation at regional scale and to investigate the consequences of using relative yield on N response functions when the total nutrient approach is used. Published results from two extensive fertilization networks, one with corn and the other with wheat, were used. Data were aggregated at different levels, because one single experiment to the entire network results, and yield response functions to N were fitted. Yield models tended to stability when a set of around 100 or more data points, generated in experiments performed across different sites and years, were used for fitting models with both crops. This amount of data was generated by performing 20 experiments in the corn network and 35 in the wheat network. Relative yield transformation allowed us to obtain models with lower dispersion than yield, but in the case of corn a biased model was generated that leads to underestimating fertilizer requirements. In wheat, similar fertilizer recommendations were produced from yield or relative yield functions. Response variability to fertilization must be addressed in the experimental area by increasing the amount of data used, rather than by applying the relative yield transformation.