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101.
Gene How is a key concern associated with the eonlamination of seed multiplication iields and the use of transgenic crops. The release of herbicide-resistant germplasnis and the use of male-sterile varieties make foxtail millet (Sviaria ilalicii) an appropriate material to inves-tigate this concern. Pollen dispersal from pollen donor sources and gene tlow in fertile and male-slerile varieties of fortail millet were investigated in experiments in China and France. Although foxtail millel is mainly autogamous (less than 2% oiitcrossing), pollen from a 5m diameter plot could fertilize a tertile variety up to 24 ni away, and a male-sterile variety up to 40m. Negative exponential and WeibuU fnnctions were used to tit the relationships between percentage and number i.A iubrids per cm of ear with distance from the pollen source. Wind velocity and direction resulted in variations of gene How intensity, but did nol change liie slope ofthe regression equations. Pollen competition for available target ovules was observed up to 2 m away from a 1 m diameter pollen source. The percentage of pollen grains that fertilized ovules outside the pollen donor source was 1.4% of the total pollen grain produetion. For every iflO pollen grains released under lieid conditions 1.5 seeds were produced. The probability funetion of pollen dispersal for one donor plant was calculated. It allowed predictions of gene How accord-ing to lield shapes, estimations of isolation distances to preserve /ariety purity against pollen contamination, and the fornuiiation of efficient male/female ratios Ibr hybrid seed production. 相似文献
102.
103.
Effectivness of the hybrid-weakness caused by a complementary interaction of two dominant genes Hwc1 and Hwc2 to suppress the spread of the red-grain gene into ordinary white-grained rice cultivars was investigated using the Monte Carlo computer simulation method. It was shown that the weakness genes, as far as being capable of reducing the fitness of the carrier by 80 percent or more, work quite effectively to suppress the genetic contamination of white-grained cultivars due to inflow of pollen from red-grained cultivars due to inflow of pollen from red-grain gene once the gene has been incorporated in to the population in the form of red-grained progeny produced as a result of the imperfect lethality of the initial hybrid between red-and white-grained cultivars. The weakness genes have little or no effect cultivars. The weakness genes have little or no effect either, when the contamination is initiated by an inflow of seeds or seedlings from ed-grained cultivars in these situations, removal (selection)of red grained plants Is the only countermeasure to exterminate the red-grain gene. The removal of red grained plants need not be intensive if carried out continuously. The spread of the red-grain gene after initial contamination is suppressed if the red-grain gene and weakness genes are linked. The suppressing effect of the linkage, however, is not substantial when the outcrossing rate is around or smaller than 0.01 as can be assumed in most rice cultivars. 相似文献
104.
Wei-chun Ma 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(3):561-568
The term ‘critical body residue’ (CBR) was defined as the lowest observed total body concentration of a contaminant in an organism, which is associated with the occurrence of adverse toxic effects in either individuals or populations of a defined age or stage of development. In this study, internal toxicity thresholds were determined for copper in the clitellated adult stage of earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa). The objective was to assess the applicability of CBRs as a practical tool in soil quality assessment of contaminated sites and as a means of a sustainable protection of earthworm fauna. Laboratory studies showed that body concentrations of Cu were generally in agreement with the chemically available CaCl2-extractable fraction in soil, but that there was also some evidence of internal pH-related homeostatic regulation. Toxicological correlates of body Cu concentrations with adverse effects on cocoon production (fecundity) suggested an approximate sublethal internal threshold of about 40 mg kg−1, with mortality occurring at about 60 mg kg−1. Adult L. rubellus sampled from areas with a wide range of metal pollution showed body Cu concentrations with a minimum of 8 mg kg−1 and a maximum of 60 mg kg−1. Beyond this apparent physiological tolerance range, environmental management directed at optimal earthworm population survival may not be sustainable in contaminated fields. Studies of L. rubellus colonizing a metal-contaminated experimental sludge-treated field showed that a reduced rate of colonization can already be associated with an average body Cu concentration of 25 mg kg−1. However, in this particular field situation mixture effects of other metals that were also present in the soil and the occurrence of avoidance behaviour during colonization may have contributed to this low internal toxicity threshold. It is concluded that the CBR approach seems to be a feasible option for use as a tool in a bioavailability-based soil quality assessment, even for essential trace metals like copper, but that further insight may be needed to establish the uncertainty and reliability of the application in environmental quality assessment and decision making. 相似文献
105.
This paper reports research that attempts to rehabilitate toxic Pb/Zn mine tailings, in Guangdong, China, to achieve a healthy functional soil that supports sustainable vegetation. We studied the effects of the earthworm Pheretima guillelmi on the growth of a woody legume Leucaena leucocephala on Pb/Zn mine tailings diluted with varying amounts of mineral soil in pot experiments. L. leucocephala grew successfully on tailings with a 25% (w/w) soil amendment, but P. guillelmi only survived and actively burrowed with a 50% soil amendment. The presence of earthworms improved the yield of plants by 10-30%. Whilst earthworms marginally increased available N and P in soil, they increased uptake of phosphorus (by about 10%) to above-ground plant tissues. Six-month-old plants were more sensitive than 10-month plants to metal stress. P. guillelmi increased bioavailable metal concentrations in the amended spoils, accompanied by a direct increase of metal uptake by the plants. Increased metal uptake by plants was largely due to the higher dry matter production stimulated by earthworm activity, but this increased the rate of metal uptake into plants from spoil by at least 16% and as much as 53%. These results demonstrate that we should broaden the ecological context of phytoremediation by considering the plant-soil-animal interactions that influence metal mobility. 相似文献
106.
Mrklas Ole Chu Angus Lunn Stuart Bentley Laurence R. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2004,159(1):249-263
The release of alkanolamines and glycols into the subsurface soils poses a potential hazard to the environment through impacted soil and groundwater. This study investigated aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability of monoethanolamine (MEA), ethylene glycol (MEG) and triethylene glycol (TEG). Significant levels of MEA (31 000 mg/kg), MEG (500 mg/kg) and TEG (2100 mg/kg) were successfully aerobically biodegraded in bioreactors. The aerobic slurry experiments suggested initial phosphate (P) limitation, as biodegradation rates increased by one order of magnitude after phosphate addition. Anaerobic decay of MEA, MEG and TEG was unaffected by P-addition. MEA, MEG and TEG degradation products such as acetate, ethanol and ammonium at about 75 000 mg/kg, 8100 mg/kg and 8800 mg/kg degraded completely and did not prevent aerobic biodegradation. This study confirms proposed biodegradation pathways of MEA, MEG, TEG and their breakdown products in natural soil and groundwater using indigenous microbes. Levels of contamination studied here are significantly higher than previously reported. 相似文献
107.
Estuarine sediments are the repository for a wide range of contaminants. Anthropogenic impacts and variations in the belowground biomass of salt marsh plants potentially select for different sediment microbial communities with different functional capabilities, including the ability to biotransform anthropogenic contaminants. There are large differences in both root morphology and the amount of fine root biomass of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis; Spartina is the species commonly used to replace Phragmites in northeastern US salt marsh restoration projects. Our study compared the effect of these two macrophyte species on sediment microbial communities responsible for the biotransformation of the halogenated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Sediments were obtained from contaminated and uncontaminated salt marsh field sites in New Jersey. Anaerobic methanogenic sediment microcosms were established and incubated for up to 130 days. TBBPA was reductively dehalogenated resulting in the transient formation of two intermediates, identified as tribromobisphenol A and dibromobisphenol A, and the formation and accumulation of bisphenol A (BPA) as the end product. Spartina sediments from both sites were found to dehalogenate TBBPA more rapidly than the Phragmites or unvegetated sediments, resulting in greater production of BPA. Microbial community diversity as measured by in situ sediment phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition prior to TBBPA exposure, was found to be higher in the uncontaminated sediments; differences in microbial PLFA diversity were not seen in contaminated sediments associated with either the different plant species or unvegetated sediment. The results of this study demonstrate that these two plant species affected sediment microbial community function with respect to dehalogenation capabilities, even though the disturbed and undisturbed sediments varied in microbial community composition. 相似文献
108.
典型重工业区与污灌区植物的重金属污染状况及特征 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
对我国几个典型重工业区和污灌区木本植物、水生或湿地植物、农作物以及蔬菜、杂草的重金属污染状况进行了野外调查与采样分析。结果说明,相同条件下,垂柳、紫穗槐和女贞对Mn的吸收量较大,臭椿和紫穗槐对Cr和Zn、爬墙虎对Cu、臭椿对Cd和Pb的吸收能力均较强,而悬铃木、油松、芙蓉等相同条件下叶内浓度却很低。湿地植物对Zn的吸收累积能力接近或已经达到对重金属的“超富集”水平(≥1000mg·kg-1),凤眼莲对Cr和Cu的吸收量分别是其它水生与湿地植物平均值的12与4倍,湿地植物水芹对Ni和Cd的吸收累积明显高于水生植物。蔬菜和水稻对Cd、Cr、Zn的吸收累积量较高。对水稻,这3种元素主要积累在果实部位,说明该类污染土壤种植水稻对人类健康的风险性更大,而在土壤Cd污染严重的情况下种植小麦导致污染的可能性大于玉米。 相似文献
109.
对福建福州、南平、泉州、厦门、漳州、龙岩、三明7个主要城市垃圾的处理方式、污染状况、渗滤液及其对土壤的污染状况进行了系统调查,测定、分析了垃圾渗滤液及其浸蚀土壤中的Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn、Mn、Ni含量.结果表明:目前福建城市垃圾、垃圾渗滤液及其浸蚀土壤存在较严重的重金属污染;与国家污水综合排放标准相比,垃圾渗滤液中Mn、Ni和Cd超标;与国家地面水环境质量标准Ⅴ类标准相比,除了Zn,其余5种重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Mn、Ni)均超标;与土壤环境质量标准(2级)相比,垃圾渗滤液浸蚀土壤重金属(Zn、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd)超标. 相似文献
110.