Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids,Hirsutalins N–R,from the Formosan Soft Coral Cladiella hirsuta

New eunicellin-type hirsutalins N–R (1–5), along with two known eunicellins, (6 and 7) were isolated from the soft coral Cladiella hirsuta. The structures of the metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Cytotoxic activity of compounds 1–7 against the proliferation of a limited panel of cancer cell lines was measured. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1–7 was evaluated by measuring their ability in suppressing superoxide anion generation and elastase release in fMLP/CB-induced human neutrophils.     

Quorum Quenching Agents: Resources for Antivirulence Therapy

The continuing emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a concern to human health and highlights the urgent need for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Quorum sensing (QS) regulates virulence in many bacterial pathogens, and thus, is a promising target for antivirulence therapy which may inhibit virulence instead of cell growth and division. This means that there is little selective pressure for the evolution of resistance. Many natural quorum quenching (QQ) agents have been identified. Moreover, it has been shown that many microorganisms are capable of producing small molecular QS inhibitors and/or macromolecular QQ enzymes, which could be regarded as a strategy for bacteria to gain benefits in competitive environments. More than 30 species of marine QQ bacteria have been identified thus far, but only a few of them have been intensively studied. Recent studies indicate that an enormous number of QQ microorganisms are undiscovered in the highly diverse marine environments, and these marine microorganism-derived QQ agents may be valuable resources for antivirulence therapy.     

谷特菌对青稞生长及土壤生态效应的影响

为了解生物肥对西藏青稞生长的影响,开展了谷特菌不同施用时期(播前、青稞拔节期),不同施用量对青稞产量影响的试验,供试生物肥为谷特菌,供试青稞品种为春青稞藏青320。在青稞收获期采样分析了青稞生物产量和经济产量,同时采集土样分析了土壤蔗糖酶、微生物量N等指标。结果表明:(1)施用谷特菌促进青稞分蘖,增加成穗数,在拔节期施用还能提高青稞灌浆能力,增加青稞穗粒数,提高青稞产量;(2)施用谷特菌对土壤0~10 cm土层蔗糖酶活性影响大,表现为土壤蔗糖酶活性随谷特菌施用量增加而增强,当施用量相同时,拔节期施用谷特菌导致土壤蔗糖酶活性增强,但对土壤微生物量N影响无统一规律。     

不同改良措施对第四纪红壤酶活性的影响

红壤是我国重要的土壤类型之一,其耕地地力低下问题亟待解决。探究不同改良措施影响下红壤地力提升效果,对实现中低产田可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究以湖南第四纪红黏土发育的旱地红壤为研究对象,分析了休闲（F）、不施肥（CK）、单施无机肥（NPK）、无机肥配秸秆还田（NPKS）、无机肥配施生石灰（NPKL）、无机肥配施骨粉有机肥（NPKA）和无机肥配施生物有机肥（NPKC）等改良措施下不同土层和改良年限土壤中pH及养分含量的变化,并利用微孔板荧光法比较了土壤中碳氮磷循环相关酶活性的差异。结果表明,不同改良措施显著影响土壤养分及酶活性。与CK相比,2020年NPKC处理0～20 cm土层中有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）和有效磷（AP）含量分别提高了73%、29%、61%和1 847%,同时该处理也显著增加了参与碳循环α-1,4-葡糖苷酶（αG）、β-1,4-葡糖苷酶（βG）、β-1,4-木糖苷酶（βX）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）和参与氮循环β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖酐酶（NAG）活性。相关分析表明,SOM与αG、βG、βX、CBH和NAG酶活性呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）,pH与酸性磷酸酶（ACP）活性呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）。改良措施对0～20 cm土层酶活性的影响大于20～40 cm。2019年,NPKA处理0～20 cm土层中CBH酶活性较CK提高了352%,而在20～40 cm土层中CBH酶活性仅较CK提高了2%。此外,不同改良措施土壤中ACP酶活性也呈现出随改良年限增加而增加的趋势。综上可知,无机肥配施有机物料显著提升红壤养分状况,改善土壤酶活性,可作为贫瘠红壤地力提升的有效改良措施。     

Effect of indaziflam on microbial activity and nitrogen cycling processes in an orchard soil

Indaziflam is a preemergent herbicide widely used for the control of weeds in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards in the southwestern region of the United States. Given the paucity of data regarding the effect of indaziflam on the biochemical properties of soils supporting pecan production, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different application rates of indaziflam on soil microbial activity, diversity, and biochemical processes related to nitrogen (N) cycling. During two consecutive growing seasons (2015 and 2016), soil samples were obtained from experimental mesocosms consisting of soil-filled pots where pecan saplings were grown and treated with indaziflam applied at two different rates (25 and 50 g active ingredient (ai) ha^-1, with the higher rate being slightly lower than the recommended field application rate of 73.1 g ai ha^-1). Soil samples were collected approximately one week before and one week after herbicide application for determination of soil microbial biomass and diversity, N mineralization, and β-glucosaminidase activity. Soil samples collected from the control mesocosms without herbicide application were treated in the laboratory with two rates of indaziflam (75 and 150 g ai ha^-1) to determine the immediate effect on microbial activity. No significant effect of herbicide treatment on soil respiration and microbial biomass was detected. The results showed a slight to moderate decrease in microbial diversity (7% in 2015 and 44% in 2016). However, decreased β-glucosaminidase activity with herbicide treatment was observed in soils from the mesocosms (33%) and soils treated with indaziflam in the laboratory (45%). The mineral N pool was generally dominated by ammonium after indaziflam application, which was consistent with the drastic decrease (75%) in nitrification activity measured in the laboratory experiment. The results of this study indicate that indaziflam, even when applied at higher than recommended rates, has limited effects on soil microbial activity, but may affect N cycling processes.     

添加秸秆对水稻产量和土壤碳氮及微生物群落的影响

为探究添加秸秆对黄筋泥田水稻产量和土壤碳、氮含量和微生物学特性的影响,设计了5个处理,即不添加秸秆和生物炭（CK）、添加秸秆（ST）、添加秸秆和腐熟剂1号（SB1）、添加秸秆和腐熟剂2号（SB2）和添加秸秆生物炭（SC）的水稻盆栽试验,分析水稻产量和土壤全碳、全氮、腐殖质含量和磷脂脂肪酸含量。结果表明：与CK相比,ST、SB1、SB2和SC均能提高水稻产量（P<0.05）,其中SB2增产55.73%;ST、SB1、SB2和SC也提高土壤全碳、全氮、腐殖质含量、细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和总磷脂脂肪酸含量（P<0.05）,其中SC土壤全碳提高31.36%,SB2土壤全氮提高40%,SB1腐殖质含量增加50.01%,而SB1和SB2的细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和总磷脂脂肪酸含量增加86.49%～401.59%。因此,添加秸秆可以增加水稻产量,提高土壤全碳、全氮和腐殖质的含量,改善土壤微生物群落结构。     

黄土丘陵区垂直陡壁表面不同类型生物土壤结皮养分与微生物养分限制特征

生物土壤结皮的发育类型对土壤养分和微生物代谢起着重要作用。为进一步明确在生物结皮发育过程中微生物的限制性养分与影响因素,研究选择黄土丘陵区垂直陡壁表面上的裸土(CK)、浅色藻结皮(LA)、深色藻结皮(DA)、藻藓混合结皮(AM)和藓结皮(M)为研究对象,分析了不同生物土壤结皮类型下碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分状况与胞外酶活性,并通过胞外酶化学计量来量化微生物的代谢限制。结果表明:LA,DA,AM和M这4种类型生物土壤结皮C,N,P养分含量和微生物生物量C,N,P均显著高于CK(p<0.05),并且SOC,TN,TP和微生物生物量C,N,P随CK,LA,DA,AM和M的顺序逐渐增大,藓结皮微生物量C,N,P分别是CK处理的18.3,27.6,14.1倍。生物土壤结皮的发育显著提高了C,N,P循环酶的活性,冗余分析结果表明土壤养分与酶活性密切相关。此外,通过酶计量的矢量模型结果来看,生物土壤结皮的发育造成微生物相对碳限制的增大与相对磷限制的减小,并受到速效养分含量的影响。偏最小二乘路径模型结果也表明生物土壤结皮的类型会间接影响微生物的代谢限制。总的来说,生物土壤结皮类型的变化会改善土壤养分状况与微生物量等性质,养分资源的供应状况会造成微生物养分代谢的变化。     

铁皮石斛枫斗加工前后差异成分比较

铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)的传统功效为益胃生津、滋阴清热,在降血糖方面具有较好的作用。前期研究发现,与铁皮石斛鲜条相比,枫斗的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率更高,且枫斗中化学成分种类丰富。为明确铁皮石斛枫斗与鲜条的差异性成分,阐明铁皮石斛加工成枫斗的科学内涵,本研究利用超高效液相色谱-四级杆串联飞行时间质谱仪(UPLC-QTOF-MS)在正离子模式下采集二者的代谢物信息,通过主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析等算法挖掘差异性化合物,并利用质谱碎片、数据库比对等方式鉴定差异性成分,最后采用聚类分析方法研究差异性成分在铁皮石斛枫斗和鲜条中的含量变化规律。经过筛选和鉴定共得到16种差异性化合物,其中柚皮素、4,4'-二羟基-3,5-二甲基联苄、诺比林A、石斛酚等12种黄酮、联苄类化合物在枫斗中含量较高,而α-亚麻酸、L-苯丙氨酸、草质素等4种脂肪酸、氨基酸类化合物在鲜条中含量较高,这些差异性成分可能是潜在的铁皮石斛枫斗降血糖功能成分。本研究结果为阐明铁皮石斛枫斗降血糖物质基础提供了数据支撑,对进一步促进铁皮石斛精深加工具有重要意义。     

生态系统服务价值时空变化和权衡及其与人类活动强度关联性分析——以慈利县为例

为了探究以林业为主的县域生态系统服务价值时空变化与权衡特征,分析生态服务价值与人类活动强度的关联性,为今后林业县域生态保护和恢复政策的制定和实施以及生态文明建设的推进提供依据。应用修正的生态系统服务价值估算模型、相关性分析法和双变量空间自相关分析法,评估及分析了慈利县长时间序列下生态系统服务价值时空变化以及生态系统服务内部和生态系统服务与人类活动强度之间的权衡协同关系。结果表明:(1)慈利县生态系统服务价值总量呈增长趋势,林地对于生态系统服务价值的贡献相对较高。(2)生态系统服务价值较高的区域主要集中在慈利县的东部、中部、西北部和南部,价值较低的地区主要集中于中东部; 中部、南部和西北部区域价值上升较为明显。(3)协同关系在慈利县生态系统服务权衡协同关系中占主导地位。生态系统服务价值和人类活动强度呈负相关关系。综上,近40年来慈利县实现了经济发展与生态保护的双赢局面,未来应将生态保护重心放在林地的生态质量上。     

圆滑番荔枝叶乙醇提取物不同萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌的抑菌活性测定

采用液-液分配法对圆滑番荔枝叶乙醇提取物进行萃取分离,得到石油醚、三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯等不同萃取组分。采用生长速率法测定不同萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌的抑制作用。结果表明:乙酸乙酯萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌的抑制作用最强,其中20 mg/mL乙酸乙酯萃取组分对胡椒瘟病菌菌丝生长的抑制率达到74.43%,具有较好的抑菌效果。