城镇建设用地发展极限规模预测及实证研究

在分析城镇建设用地扩张耕地占用倾向趋势的基础上,构建了城镇建设用地扩张时间停滞模型和城镇建设用地发展极限规模模型,并以河南省息县县城中心城区为对象进行了实证研究。研究结果可为城镇建设用地边界划定提供理论参考和技术支撑。     

基于多种方法的苏南镇域土壤重金属污染评价

以苏南小镇为依托,采用地累积指数法、污染负荷指数法和内梅罗指数结合土壤环境质量标准的改进法对研究区域土壤重金属污染进行评价,比较各种方法的适用性。结果表明,内梅罗指数结合土壤环境质量标准的改进法综合了人为因素和自然因素的作用情况,分析结果更为客观,且污染分布的区分度较高,兼有地累积指数法和污染负荷指数法的优点,更适用于小尺度地区的土壤重金属污染评价。     

内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带景观格局研究

为揭示内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带景观格局,利用美国陆地卫星(Landsat5)Tm遥感影像,采用尺度占优聚合后多尺度分析各景观指数的方法,筛选确定交错带景观特征尺度,并在特征尺度下对交错带景观格局进行分析。结果表明:在选取的12个景观指数中,有9个景观指数随尺度变化而呈现有规律的上升或下降趋势且拐点十分明显,其中有6个景观指数在510m处发生转折,景观在510m尺度处具有等级结构,510m为交错带景观特征尺度。特征尺度下交错带景观格局表现为其他类型(包括裸地、居民区、公路等)面积最大,其次是阔叶林、针叶林和草地,水体面积最小;斑块形状复杂性依次为阔叶林针叶林草地水体其它;森林斑块数量大,为研究区景观斑块的主体,具有一定的景观基底性质;景观聚集程度高,蔓延度低,破碎化程度低;景观以少量较大斑块为主体,同时还包含很多小斑块,景观类型较单一;水体数量少且面积小,破碎化程度最低。     

江苏省土地利用碳排放时空动态

以工业化、城市化水平较高的江苏省为例,计算了1997～2007年江苏省及其所辖的13个地级市的年碳排放量,从时空尺度对各类土地利用方式的碳排放效应进行分析,结果表明:(1)从时间尺度看,1997～2007年江苏省土地利用碳排放总量由10702.53万t增加到12570.15万t,上涨了17.5%,并推测出2010年的碳排放总量将达到13701.44万t;建设用地和耕地是主要的碳源,建设用地对碳排放的贡献率高达98%,而林地增加所产生的碳汇远远不能抵消建设用地增加了的碳源。(2)从空间尺度看,11年间碳排放重心由119°26'E、32°57'19″N转移到119°28'55″E、32°51'7″N,向东南方向移动了12.33 km,预测2010年土地利用碳排放重心位于120°26'4″E、32°18'57″N处。最后,从减碳源和增碳汇两方面提出了低碳导向的土地利用政策相关建议。     

小流域尺度土壤可蚀性(K值)的变异及不同采样密度对其估值精度的影响

以观音寺小流域为例,通过高密度采样,利用EPIC模型中土壤可蚀性K值计算公式计算了可蚀性K值,并运用逆距离加权插值方法生成了研究区的K值分布图。经典统计学方法分析表明,在小流域尺度下土壤可蚀性K值存在很强的空间变异性,其变异系数达39.94%。因此,定量监测、评价流域水土流失时,K值的这种空间变异性不能忽略。对不同采样密度下K值空间估值精度的评价表明,当采样点数目均匀地减少一半时,即4个/km2的样点密度下,K值估计误差仍然可以控制在25%以内。     

酸酶复合法优化鱼鳞胶原蛋白的提取工艺

以鱼鳞为原料,经过粉碎、脱杂蛋白、脱矿物质等预处理,采用酸酶合解法提取胶原蛋白。结果表明,以0.1 mol/L Na Cl脱杂蛋白,0.3 mol/L EDTA脱矿物质,柠檬酸和胃蛋白酶为提取介质有利于胶原蛋白的提取;影响鱼鳞胶原蛋白提取效率的主要因素分别为柠檬酸浓度、酶用量、提取时间,为保证蛋白质不变性,最佳的提取工艺,柠檬酸浓度为3%、酶用量为鱼鳞质量的7%、提取时间6 h、提取温度25℃(室温),此时羟脯氨酸的提取量为2.395μg/g。表明采用酸酶复合法进行胶原蛋白的制备,不仅可以保证胶原蛋白的完整性,还有助于提高其产率。     

Towards a universal scale to assess sexual maturation and related life history traits in oviparous teleost fishes

The literature presents a confusing number of macroscopic maturation scales for fish gonads, varying from over-simplified scales comprising three to four stages to highly specific and relatively complicated nine-stage scales. The estimation of some important life history traits are dependent on a correct assessment and use of the gonadal maturation scales, and frequent mistakes have been made in many studies. The goal of this report is to provide a synthetic, relatively simple, yet precise maturation scale that works for most oviparous teleost fishes. The synthetic scale proposed here is based on the correspondence between key physiological and cytological processes of gamete development and corresponding modifications observed at the macroscopic level. It is based on previous and ongoing studies of several fish species pertaining to some of the most important African and Neotropical taxa, including Characiformes, Siluriformes, Osteoglossiformes and Perciformes. This scale should allow for standardized protocols of field studies and improve intra- and inter-specific comparisons of life history traits. Guidelines on the correct use of this scale to estimate these life history traits are provided.     

Science,capacity building and conservation knowledge: The empowerment of the local community for marine conservation in Rapa Nui

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Scale regeneration and calcification in goldfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus</Emphasis>: quantitative and morphological processes

The time-course changes in calcium and phosphorus contents, dry weight, and area during scale regeneration in the goldfish, Carassius auratus L. were quantified. Histological observations were then conducted to understand the mutual relationship between the quantitative and morphological processes of scale regeneration. The quantitative study revealed that regenerating scales grow most rapidly in area during the first 5 days of regeneration. The gradual decrease in the area growth rate coupled with the continuous linear weight growth over the period of 5–28 days suggests a shift in growth priority from area growth to the apposition, of the basal plate. Calcium and phosphorus deposition proceeded almost linearly during scale regeneration. Calcification of the bony layer preceded that of the basal plate and, after 14 days of regeneration, calcification of the basal plate started and gradually progressed. On day 28, recovery of calcium and phosphorus contents in the regenerating scales were approximatley 72% of ontogenetic scales, which is lower than the rates of area and weight regeneration (104 and 85%, respectively). Late initiation and slow progress of calcification in the basal plate is suggested to be responsible for the slow regeneration in calcium and phosphorus contents.     

Impacts of changing spatial scales on CPUE–factor relationships of Ommastrephes bartramii in the northwest Pacific

The selection of spatial scales is of particular importance in modeling relationships between fishery abundance and its influencing factors, because these relationships are significantly affected by spatial scale. Here, we explore the spatial scale effects of catch per unit effort (CPUE)–factor relationships for Ommastrephes bartramii in the northwest Pacific. The original commercial fishery data and oceanographic factors were tessellated to 12 spatial scales from 5′ to 60′ with an interval of 5′. Under the original scale and 12 tessellated scales, we constructed the generalized additive models (GAMs) to model the relationships between the O. bartramii CPUE and the influencing factors, including Year, Month, Latitude (Lat), Longitude (Lon), sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration, and sea surface height (SSH). Our multi‐scale analysis showed that the relationships are sensitive to spatial scales. Among the factors, Year, Month, and SSS share quadratic polynomial scaling relations; Lat, SST, and Chl‐a illustrate power law scaling relations; Lon has a linear scaling relation; and SSH presents an exponential scaling relation. Considering the scale sensitivity of the factor sort‐order and the accumulation of explained residual deviance in GAM, we suggest 30′–45′ as the optimal range of spatial scales for analyzing the CPUE–factor relationships for O. bartramii. Our research improves understanding of the impacts of changing scales in fisheries and provides a potential method for the selection of a suitable spatial scale for fisheries analysis and resource surveying.