珠眉海棠(Malus zumi Mats)盐应答MzSTO基因的克隆与表达分析

通过微列阵芯片(Microarray)分析,从珠眉海棠盐胁迫cDNA文库中分离得到MzSTO (Salt tolerance protein)全长基因.结果表明:MzSTO基因cDNA全长1 066 bp,开放阅读框共729 bp,5'-UTR和3'-UTR的长度分别是49 bp和288 bp; MzSTO编码242个氨基酸,N端有2个保守的B-box锌指结构域(CX2CX8CX7CX2CX4HX8H);半定量RT-PCR表明MzSTO基因受到盐和干旱胁迫抑制,受冷处理诱导,并响应ABA(abscisic acid).以上结果表明MzSTO基因可能通过依赖ABA的途径参与非生物逆境胁迫.     

观赏海棠愈伤组织的诱导与增殖

[目的]观赏海棠‘春雪’是一种广泛应用的观赏树木,主要进行无性繁殖.愈伤组织培养是植物进行无性繁殖的重要途径.[方法]以观赏海棠‘春雪’组培苗继代培养一个月后的叶片为材料,研究生长调节物质、温度、光照、放置方式以及不同外植体对其愈伤组织诱导及增殖的影响.[结果结论]试验结果表明,叶片正放暗培养10 d有利于愈伤组织的诱导,其中以添加NAA 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.5 mg/L的MS培养基对致密型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好,添加2,4-D 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.05 mg/L的MS培养基对疏松型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好.适宜致密型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 4 mg/L,NAA 2 mg/L的MS培养基;适宜疏松型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 0.01 mg/L,2,4-D 2 mg/L的MS培养基.碳氮浓度、光照及温度对两种愈伤组织增殖的影响各不相同.致密型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为70 g/L,NH4NO3质量浓度825 mg/L,光照时间24h,温度15℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.疏松型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为30 g/L,NH4 NO3质量浓度3 300mg/L,光照时间16 h,温度26℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.     

套袋对两个苹果品种果实香气成分的影响

为了解套袋对苹果品种新富1号(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.Xinfu No.1)、长富2号(M.domestica cv.Fuji Nagafu No.2)果实香气成分的影响。利用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别测定了套袋后2个苹果品种的香气成分。结果表明,2个富士苹果品种果实香气成分均以酯类和醇类化合物为主。在酯类化合物相对含量上,未套袋果实套袋果实;在醇类化合物相对含量上,套袋果实未套袋果实。新富1号果实香气成分以乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、2-甲基乙酸丁酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸己酯为主,长富2号果实香气成分以2-甲基乙酸丁酯、乙酸己酯、正戊酸己酯、2-甲基-1-丁醇、丁酸乙酯、丁酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、丙酸乙酯为主,2个苹果品种的果实主要香气成分基本一致。不过套袋果实乙酸酯型香气成分相对含量均低于未套袋果实。     

Isolation, identification and molecular characterization of physiological races of apple powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha)

The development of apple varieties displaying durable resistance against powdery mildew is one of the major aims in apple breeding programmes worldwide. For a reliable judgment of the resistance of different Malus genotypes, an extended knowledge about the virulence of the pathogen is necessary. To prove the existence of physiological races of Podosphaera leucotricha , 31 monoconidial isolates of the obligate biotrophic fungus representing five locations within Europe have been established and maintained over a period of 3–4 years. The isolates were maintained on in vitro shoots of the highly susceptible apple cv. Gibb's Golden Gage. An AFLP-based DNA fingerprinting protocol was developed and, using 54 stably reproducible AFLP markers, a dendrogram revealed genetic variability among different isolates of P. leucotricha . Although the molecular characterization of the isolates showed an overall low level of genetic variability, the high phenotypic diversity among European isolates suggest that sexual reproduction may also be involved in the disease cycle of the pathogen in Europe. Phytopathological tests using detached leaves of a collection of 36 Malus genotypes allowed the differentiation of five selected isolates by their virulence patterns. A high level of diversity in terms of virulence was obtained in P. leucotricha. From the present study, based on apple breeding germplasm, cultivars and Malus species, it can be concluded that physiological races of P. leucotricha do indeed exist in Europe.     

苹果属植物无融合生殖特性——文献综述

介绍了国内外苹果属中无融合生殖种类;综述了国内外学者对这些种无融合生殖特性的研究成果，包括兼性无融合生殖习性、无性胚形成方式、遗传方式、染色体倍性和同工酶表现；简述了无融合生殖在科研及生产的应用现状和潜力。     

抗旱性不同的苹果属植物水分胁迫下核酸代谢及自由基变化

 水分胁迫引起苹果属植物中抗旱性较弱的平邑甜茶和抗旱性较强的新疆野苹果幼苗叶片相对含水量(RWC) 、DNA、RNA 含量下降, O₂^-·、H₂O₂ 含量增高, DNase、RNase 活性上升; 其中DNA 含量下降的幅度小于RNA , DNase 活性上升的幅度小于RNase。抗旱性较强的新疆野苹果在水分胁迫下幼苗叶片的RWC、DNA、RNA 含量下降的幅度以及O₂^-·、H₂O₂含量增高、DNase、RNase 活性上升的幅度均小于抗旱性较弱的平邑甜茶。水分胁迫下平邑甜茶和新疆野苹果幼苗叶片的DNA、RNA 含量与RWC、O₂^-·、H₂O₂ 含量和DNase、RNase 活性间均呈显著相关。     

盐胁迫对珠美海棠和山定子膜保护酶系统的影响

实验以耐盐种珠美海棠(MaluszumiMats)和盐敏感种山定子[Malusbaccata(L.)Borkh]为试材,比较研究了在盐胁迫下叶片质膜透性、叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量、膜保护酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及根质膜透性的变化,为探索苹果属植物耐盐机制提供素材。结果表明,盐胁迫对根质膜透性没有明显的影响;但导致叶片质膜透性增加,盐敏感种山定子的质膜透性高于耐盐的珠美海棠。随盐胁迫加重,叶绿素a、b含量降低,叶绿素a/b比值增加,类胡萝卜素变化不明显。MDA含量随盐胁迫而升高,但珠美海棠低于山定子。山定子叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性随盐胁迫加重而降低,而珠美海棠SOD活性在盐胁迫下保持稳定,POD、CAT活性增高。由此可见珠美海棠在盐胁迫条件下有活性较高的膜保护酶系统。     

变叶海棠变异类型的初步研究

应用形象化散点图研究变叶海棠的起源和进化。结果表明,其变异类型可能系变叶海棠和陇东海棠或花叶海棠之间的天然杂交种,该假设需要用现代新方法来证实。     

南京毛刺线虫对山定子的直接致病性研究

北京南口农场山定子砧苹果树受线虫侵害严重。田间树势调查结果表明:病树长势衰退,产量降低,品质下降;补植的幼树表现出再植病症状。田间根系症状调查结果表明:病树根系生长异常,表现出典型的短粗根病症状,即受害幼根不呈延伸生长,而是在生长中不断分枝,以致最后形成须状丛簇根,每年只在新根旺长期长出一小段具有吸收功能的白色、毛笔尖状的新根。盆栽幼苗接种试验表明:南京毛刺线虫的侵染严重影响了山定子幼苗的形态建成,且使根系表现出短粗根病症状,从而证明南京毛刺线虫(Trichodorus nanjingensis Liu＆Chen)是导致该场苹果树势衰退、再植病和短粗根病的主要病原。     

Increase of in vitro regeneration in Malus domestica by the application of phosphatase inhibitors

The effect of the phosphatase inhibitors sodium fluoride and sodium orthovanadaate on adventitious shoot regeneration from primary leaf explants was tested in eight genotypes of apple Malus domestica Borkh. Ten different concentrations between 0.5 and 100μM of each substance were added to a modified Murashige and Skoog regeneration medium containing 0.9 μM TDZ and 0.5 μM IBA. In general, all the con-centrations tested were able to promote shoot formation, although distinct maxima could be observed depending upon the genotype and the inhibitor. Shoot yield was influenced mostly by the genotype and by the concentration of the inhibitor, as well as the interaction between these two factors. In six of the eight genotypes the total number of regenerated shoots increased significantly compared with the control. This was achieved by an increase of the number of regenerating explants as well as the number of shoots per regenerating explant Comparing these results with those of former publications, application of the two phosphatase inhibitors resulted in an improved regeneration response in the corresponding genotypes. This method may also contribute to the understanding of in vitro regeneration in plants.