Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.     

施用保水剂对4种绿化植物叶片结构和功能性状的影响

与CK相比,施用保水剂对‘紫花’海棠、乌桕、红叶石楠、梓树叶片的结构性状（叶面积、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、气孔导度）和功能性状（光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率）均有显著影响。4 种供试植物在高温干旱环境下,0.1%用量保水剂能显著改善叶片结构和功能性状。而随保水剂用量的继续增加,4 种植物的叶性状变化趋势并不一致,其中在0.2%保水剂用量下,红叶石楠和梓树叶面积、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、气孔导度、光合速率、蒸腾速率继续显著高于CK或0.1%用量,在0.3%用量下,2 种植物上述指标大多接近于0.2%用量,而‘紫花’海棠和乌桕在0.2%~0.3%用量下已显著下降到接近CK水平。这表明,红叶石楠和梓树比‘紫花’海棠和乌桕较能适应水分较多的环境。而‘紫花’海棠和乌桕水分利用效率在CK条件下显著增大,则表明两者较能适应干旱环境。4 种植物比叶面积在CK和不同保水剂用量下的显著变化表现出适宜水分条件下植物获取资源促进生长的能力和水分胁迫下的适应性。     

珠美海棠试管苗玻璃化发生机理的初步研究

该文研究了试验因子与珠美海棠（Ｍａｌｕｓｚｕｍｉ）玻璃苗发生的关系，并利用呼吸抑制剂探索了玻璃苗产生的机理．结果表明：玻璃苗产生与多种因子有关．当光呼吸途径和磷酸戍糖呼吸途径（ＨＭＰ）被抑制时，玻璃苗显著增加，初步认为是植物体内的呼吸代谢途径受阻所致     

有机物料对平邑甜茶实生苗光合特性的影响

试验结果表明,不同有机物料栽培的平邑甜菜（Malus hupenensis Rehd.)实生苗光合速率不同,鸡粪处理表现为植株生长前期叶片光合速率高于羊粪处理,生长后期则刚好相反,花生秧处理的光合速率整个生长季节均较低。夏季平邑甜茶光合作用有明显的午休现象,但不同处理引起午休的原则则不同,鸡粪处理主要为气孔限制,而羊粪和花生秧处理则为非气孔限制。在栽培介质脱水过程中,有机基质栽培的平邑甜茶叶片光合速率下限幅度远小于土壤栽培。     

Control of insect pests using trunk injection in a newly established apple orchard

We evaluated the potential for using preplant trunk injections of emamectin benzoate in nonbearing apple trees. Trees were evaluated for pest injury and emamectin residues throughout the planting season and into the following year. Injections into the trunk best delivered emamectin benzoate to the canopy compared with injections into the taproot, and the higher rate reduced insect pests more than the lower rate. In the following year, differences in insect control between trunk and root injections were less pronounced, but the higher rate of emamectin benzoate persisted longer and better reduced pests relative to the other treatments.     

红富士苹果芽变系DNA甲基化研究

以35份富士苹果(Malus×domestica Borkh.‘Fuji’)芽变材料为试材,利用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(Methylation Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism,MSAP)分析和UPGMA聚类方法,对其基因组甲基化修饰水平、变异模式以及表观遗传变异关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同富士系得到不同的MSAP扩增,总DNA甲基化水平27.90%～36.16%,平均32.87%,双链全甲基化为主要甲基化方式;(2)富士芽变材料绝大多数位点保持了原有甲基化模式;(3)绝大多数芽变(68.57%)检测到全部的甲基化变异模式(12种),去甲基化频率极显著高于甲基化频率(P <0.01),且CG去甲基化极显著高于CHG;(4)36份种质遗传相似系数平均值0.89(0.79～0.92),在聚类图上,富士原种分布在芽变系集中区外,新近发生的芽变系更倾向于聚在一起,着色系片红型和条红型芽变呈分散排布状态。总的来看,富士芽变的甲基化变异模式丰富,超甲基化和去甲基化相伴发生,但以去甲基化为主;‘富士’着色芽变与其最原始品种富士,以及芽变之间发生了较大表观遗传变异;片红和条红型芽变聚类未表现明显偏好性。本研究将为进一步开展富士着色系芽变机理研究提供指导,可以CG去甲基化为切入点展开深入研究。     

山楂海棠RAPD亲缘关系研究

应用RAPD分子标记技术,对山楂海棠的分类地位进行了探讨。根据RAPD分子标记聚类分析,将14份苹果材料分为5类,8份山楂材料分为4类,山楂海棠的亲缘关系位于山楂和苹果之间,但与苹果较近,认为山楂海棠可能是苹果和山楂的属间杂交种。     

Method of Constructing Core Collection for Malus sieversii in Xinjiang, China Using Molecular Markers

The method for constructing core collection ofMalus sieversii based on molecular marker data was proposed. According to 128 SSR allele of 109 M. sieversii, an allele preferred sampling strategy was used to construct M. sieversii core collection, using the UPGMA （unweighted pair-group average method） cluster method according to Nei ＆ Li, SM, and Jaccard genetic distances, by stepwise clustering, and compared with the random sampling strategy. The number of lost allele and t-test of Nei＇s gene diversity and Shannon＇s information index were used to evaluate the representative core collections. The results showed that compared with the random sampling strategy, allele preferred sampling strategy could construct more representative core collections. SM, difference for construction of M. sieversii core collection. Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances had no significant SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） data and morphological data showed that allele preferred sampling strategy was a good sampling strategy for constructing core collection of M. sieversii. Allele preferred sampling strategy combined with SM, Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances using stepwise clustering was the suitable method for constructing M. sieversii core collection.     

珠眉海棠(Malus zumi Mats)盐应答MzSTO基因的克隆与表达分析

通过微列阵芯片(Microarray)分析,从珠眉海棠盐胁迫cDNA文库中分离得到MzSTO (Salt tolerance protein)全长基因.结果表明:MzSTO基因cDNA全长1 066 bp,开放阅读框共729 bp,5'-UTR和3'-UTR的长度分别是49 bp和288 bp; MzSTO编码242个氨基酸,N端有2个保守的B-box锌指结构域(CX2CX8CX7CX2CX4HX8H);半定量RT-PCR表明MzSTO基因受到盐和干旱胁迫抑制,受冷处理诱导,并响应ABA(abscisic acid).以上结果表明MzSTO基因可能通过依赖ABA的途径参与非生物逆境胁迫.     

观赏海棠愈伤组织的诱导与增殖

[目的]观赏海棠‘春雪’是一种广泛应用的观赏树木,主要进行无性繁殖.愈伤组织培养是植物进行无性繁殖的重要途径.[方法]以观赏海棠‘春雪’组培苗继代培养一个月后的叶片为材料,研究生长调节物质、温度、光照、放置方式以及不同外植体对其愈伤组织诱导及增殖的影响.[结果结论]试验结果表明,叶片正放暗培养10 d有利于愈伤组织的诱导,其中以添加NAA 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.5 mg/L的MS培养基对致密型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好,添加2,4-D 2 mg/L,6-BA 0.05 mg/L的MS培养基对疏松型愈伤组织的诱导效果较好.适宜致密型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 4 mg/L,NAA 2 mg/L的MS培养基;适宜疏松型愈伤组织增殖的培养基为添加6-BA 0.01 mg/L,2,4-D 2 mg/L的MS培养基.碳氮浓度、光照及温度对两种愈伤组织增殖的影响各不相同.致密型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为70 g/L,NH4NO3质量浓度825 mg/L,光照时间24h,温度15℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.疏松型愈伤组织在蔗糖质量浓度为30 g/L,NH4 NO3质量浓度3 300mg/L,光照时间16 h,温度26℃时,愈伤组织的增殖量最大.