Broad-leaf species composition in Cryptomeria japonica plantations with respect to distance from natural forest

To address the pressing need to evaluate how conifer plantations can serve biodiversity functions in addition to other economic and social roles they play, we assessed the diversity of broad-leaf seedlings and saplings in Cryptomeria japonica plantations in Ogawa, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan at increasing distances (0–1000 m) from old growth natural forest edge. For saplings, there was no overall significant trend in the frequency, species richness, and Shannon index with respect to distance. Seedlings on the other hand showed a decrease in frequency and species richness with increasing distance from the old growth forest, implying that should recruitment limitation occur in the plantations, it will be stronger at the seed-to-seedling transition than at the seedling-to-sapling transition. Assigning species into groups based on functional traits that are associated with recruitment and regeneration was more revealing. Relative frequency of species that are moderately shade-tolerant, are shrubs, have small seeds, and are frugivore-dispersed increased in the plantations. In comparison, species that are tall trees, have large seeds and are gravity-dispersed decreased in the plantations. Multi-trait analysis showed that propagule size was the trait that could best explain the difference in the distribution of broad-leaf species in the plantations. Based on our results, we suggest to policy-makers that plantation sizes be kept to within a few hundred meters wide, and should ideally be within dispersal distance of species from natural forests that could potentially be seed sources of broad-leaf species. Otherwise, steps must be taken to drive succession such that potentially recruitment-limited species may be able to overcome barriers to regeneration.     

盐胁迫对不同倍性金银花光合特性的影响

【目的】研究四倍体和二倍体金银花叶片光合作用对盐胁迫的响应,特别是盐胁迫对PSⅠ和PSⅡ性能以及协调性的影响,比较盐胁迫下叶片光合特性的差异,分析盐胁迫对叶片Na⁺、Cl^-和丙二醛含量以及叶片生物量的影响,揭示不同倍性金银花耐盐胁迫的能力,为盐碱地栽培品种的选择提供参考。【方法】选用四倍体和二倍体金银花为试验材料,采用叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光反射曲线同步测定技术,结合气体交换参数,研究中度（150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）和重度（300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）盐胁迫对四倍体和二倍体金银花叶片光合作用和光合机构的影响。金银花植株定植于装有石英砂的塑料盆中,Hoagland营养液培养。营养液中加入NaCl用于盐处理,每天递增50 mmol·L^-1到达处理浓度（150和300 mmol·L^-1）,处理持续15 d。以不加入NaCl的营养液培养对照植株。盐处理过程中选取枝条中部全展的叶片用于指标测定。【结果】中度盐胁迫下,四倍体和二倍体金银花叶片光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度显著降低,但四倍体下降幅度小于二倍体,说明中度盐胁迫下光合速率的降低是由气孔限制引起的,四倍体叶片光合作用受气孔限制程度较小。重度盐胁迫下,四倍体和二倍体金银花叶片光合速率也显著降低,但四倍体下降幅度小于二倍体,能维持较高的光合活性。重度盐胁迫7 d后,二倍体金银花叶片Rubisco酶的活化状态和羧化效率显著降低,诱发PSⅡ光抑制,降低向PSⅠ电子传递的量子产额。因此,PSⅠ的还原受到抑制,820 nm光反射曲线应该显示PSⅠ氧化幅度增加。但结果相反,PSⅠ氧化幅度却显著降低。重度盐胁迫下,二倍体金银花叶片PSⅠ也发生了光抑制,不能有效推动电子向PSⅠ受体侧传递,抑制了PSⅠ的氧化,而PSⅠ光抑制程度高于PSⅡ,导致PSⅠ氧化幅度显著降低,破坏了PSⅡ与PSⅠ的协调性。重度盐胁迫15 d后,四倍体金银花叶片Rubisco酶活化状态和羧化效率显著下降,但下降幅度小于二倍体金银花,PSⅡ和PSⅠ的性能未受显著影响,维持了PSⅡ和PSⅠ的协调性。因此,相对于二倍体,四倍体金银花叶片在重度盐胁迫下也具有较高的光合活性。盐胁迫15 d后,二倍体金银花叶片Na⁺、Cl^-和丙二醛含量显著增加,整株叶片干重显著降低,其变化幅度大于四倍体金银花,说明四倍体金银花受离子毒害的影响较轻,这可能是其在盐胁迫下维持较高光合性能的原因。【结论】盐胁迫下,四倍体金银花叶片能维持较高的气孔导度和Rubisco酶的活化状态,保持了PSⅡ和PSⅠ的协调性,因而具有较高的光合活性,能够积累较多的生物量。因此,四倍体金银花耐盐胁迫的能力强于二倍体,更适于盐碱地栽培。     

钙镁比调控对烟叶产量、化学品质及镁吸收的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了施用镁肥进行土壤交换性钙镁比下调及叶面喷施镁肥对烤烟生长发育、产量、内在化学品质及镁吸收的影响。结果表明,与对照不施镁肥相比,土壤交换性钙镁比下调及叶面喷施镁肥有利于烤烟的生长、发育和农艺性状改善,有利于烟叶产量、产值的提高,能提升中部烟叶化学品质,土壤交换性钙镁比调控到10时最佳,其次是调控到8时,叶面喷施效果也较好;同时,与对照相比,土壤交换性钙镁比下调及叶面喷施镁肥显著提高了烟叶镁的含量及其对镁的累积量,尤其是上、中部烟叶,而且随着镁肥施用量增加和钙镁比下调,烟叶对镁的累积量显著增加。     

水分胁迫对大丽花光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响

以大丽花品种‘粉西施’盆栽扦插苗为试材,研究了不同程度水分胁迫及复水对大丽花品种粉西施叶片光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响。结果表明：随着水分胁迫程度的加深和胁迫时间的延长,大丽花叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先下降后上升,气孔限制值Ls先升高后下降。轻度和中度水分胁迫下,气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因;重度水分胁迫下,非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因。重度胁迫更早对大丽花叶片造成伤害,重度胁迫下复水后光合指标难以恢复。     

离子色谱法测定水中钙、镁及总硬度

采用离子色谱法测定水中钙、镁离子浓度,并以此计算水中总硬度。钙离子在1.0mg/L~60mg/L范围内,线性相关系数0.9998,检出限0.022mg/L;镁离子在0.4mg/L~24mg/L范围内,线性相关系数0.9995,检出限0.004mg/L,测定样品中钙、镁及总硬度的加标回收率在92.6%~97.4%之间,RSD为0.14%~0.23%。离子色谱法与EDTA-2Na滴定法测定总硬度结果进行对比,结果显示两者无显著性差异。该法具有简单方便、干扰少、准确可靠等优点,适合大批量样品的测定。     

Pollen transfer from invasive Carpobrotus spp. to natives - A study of pollinator behaviour and reproduction success

The influence of invasive plant species on native community composition is well-documented, but less is known about underlying mechanisms. Especially scarce is knowledge about effects on biotic interactions such as relationships between native plants and their pollinators. In this study we investigate if pollen transfer from the invasive and highly pollen productive Carpobrotus spp. affects seed production and/or seed quality in three native species. We monitored pollinator movements and pollen loads on pollinators and native stigmas, and in a field pollination experiment we investigated the effect of invasive pollen on reproduction. Invasive pollen adhered to pollinators, pollinators switched from Carpobrotus spp. to natives, invasive pollen was transferred to native stigmas, and it affected seed production in one species. Although all possible steps for interference with seed production were found to be qualitatively taken, invasive pollen has probably little impact on the native community because the frequency of invasive pollen transfer to natives was low. However, pollination interactions may change with plant abundance and our study provides evidence that pollen transfer from Carpobrotus spp. to natives does occur and have the potential to affect seed production. We found the species identity of shared pollinators to be of importance, higher flower constancy and lower capacity of pollen adherence are likely to result in less invasive pollen transfer.     

云南德宏州油茶土壤和叶片养分含量及生态化学计量特征

目的 云南德宏州是我国唯一处在热带北缘的油茶种植区,研究该区域油茶土壤和叶片养分含量及生态化学计量特征,为油茶科学施肥、精准管理提供理论依据。方法 采用生态化学计量学的研究方法,测定并分析油茶土壤和叶片碳、氮、磷、钾含量与化学计量特征。结果 油茶林地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾质量分数分别为47.77、2.56、0.69 和5.28 g·kg^-1,土壤有效磷和速效钾质量分数分别为3.69 和26.05 mg·kg^-1,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷的变化具有协同性,土壤速效钾、有效磷含量直接取决于土壤全钾、全磷含量。油茶叶片碳、氮、磷和钾质量分数分别为422.09、13.51、0.97 和4.92 g·kg^-1;氮、磷协同变化,且均受到土壤磷调控,油茶生长发育受到氮、磷双重限制,其中磷为主要限制元素。叶片磷和磷钾比具有内稳态特征,内稳态指数H_P为5.08,H_P:K为3.26,其余元素及化学计量比均不具备内稳态特征。结论 云南德宏州油茶需持续加强磷元素投入,同时均衡投入氮、钾元素,以保障油茶的健康与持续产出。     

镁在大豆营养中的作用

经特殊工艺处理,将蛇纹石矿制成不同品位镁肥,对大豆连续３年的盆栽与小区试验结果表明,镁可增加大豆对其它营养成分的吸收,提高大豆的光合速率,增加植株干物质的积累,改善大豆品质,提高大豆产量。     

The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame ( Undaria pinnatifida) and Hijiki (Hijikia fusiforme) and the effect of alginic acid on magnesium utilization of rats

The bioavailability of magnesium from Wakame and Hijiki, and the effects of alginic acid on absorption of dietary magnesium were examined in five groups of rats fed either control, Wakame, Hijiki, AW (containing the same amount of alginate as in the Wakame) and AH (containing the same amount of alginate as in the Hijiki) diets, and animals fed a low magnesium diet (LMg) (twentieth amount of magnesium in the original mineral mixtures as the control). Food intake and body weight gain were decreased by adding sodium alginate to the diets. A large amount of calcium accumulated only in the kidneys of the rats fed the LMg diet. Serum magnesium concentration decreased only in the LMg group. The magnesium content in the defatted left femurs did not differ between the control and Wakame fed animals and also among the animals eating Wakame, Hijiki and AW diets. The breaking force of the right femurs did not differ among all the groups except the LMg group. The ratio of apparent magnesium absorption (%) of the control, LMg, Wakame, Hijiki, AW and AH groups was 82.2, 72.7, 66.9, 50.8, 69.3 and 54.2 in the first experimental period, and was 75.3, 52.1, 57.7, 46.9, 62.6 and 60.5 in the second experimental period, respectively. It was clear that the bioavailability of magnesium in the Wakame fed rats was higher than in those eating the Hijiki. Large amounts of sodium alginate lowered magnesium absorption from the diet.     

Der Einflu\ variierter Düngung, einer Pflanzenschutzmittel-Anwendung und der Lagerung auf den Glykoalkaloid-Gehalt in Kartoffelknollen zweier Sorten

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Feldversuche in drei Jahren mit zwei Speisekartoffelsorten, verschiedenen Mengen an Mineraldüngern und der Anwendungen eines Pflanzenschutzmittelns gegenPhytophthora infestans angelegt. Die Knollen wurden direkt nach der Ernte sowie nach einer sechsmonatigen Lagerung auf Glykoalkaloidgehalt untersucht. Zwischen den Sorten treten statistisch gesicherte Unterschiede im Gehalt an Glykoalkaloiden auf. Die Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln w?hrend der Vegetation erh?ht den Gesamtgehalt an Glykoalkaloiden (TGA) in den Kartoffelknollen kurz nach der Ernte. Eine variierte Mineraldüngung hat keinen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss auf den TGA-Gehalt in den Proben kurz nach der Ernte, N- und K-Düngung ver?ndern diesen jedoch im Laufe der Lagerung. Unabh?ngig von den übrigen Bedingungen erh?ht sich der TGA-Gehalt in diesem Versuch w?hrend der Lagerung im Mittel von 5,8 auf 7,7 mg/100g Frischsubstanz.

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Summary Field experiments were carried out for three years to study the effect of various magnesium, potassium and nitrogen fertilization rates on two medium-early edible potato cultivars. Additionally, one of the experimental areas was sprayed againstPhytophthora infestans to ascertain the effect of fungicides on the content of total glycoalkaloids (TGA) in potato tubers after harvest and after six months of storage. The applied fungicide treatments increased total glycoalkaloids (TGA) of potato tubers (Fig. 4). Fertilization with mineral nitrogen caused different reactions in both cultivars. There was a tendency for cv. Beryl to accumulate more glycoalkaloids with increasing nitrogen fertilization rates, while the opposite was observed for cv. Mila (Fig. 7). Fertilization with potassium and magnesium did not affect the results. On the basis of these results there was no conclusive evidence that the TGA content in the tubers was dependent on cultivar or on the weather during the growing season (Figs 1,2 and 3). The TGA content increased during storage, independently of previous treatments, (Figs 4–7).