不同稳定性有机物料对砂姜黑土理化性质及玉米产量的影响

针对黄淮海平原广泛分布的砂姜黑土结构性差、有机质含量偏低的特征,通过中国科学院封丘农田生态系统国家试验站2年砂姜黑土不同外源有机物料施用处理盆栽试验[共设8个处理,分别为空白(CK)、施秸秆(S)、施有机肥(M)、施1/2秸秆+1/2有机肥(SM)、施生物炭(C)、施1/2生物炭+1/2秸秆(CS)、施1/2生物炭+1/2有机肥(CM)和施1/3生物炭+1/3有机肥+1/3秸秆(CSM)],研究了等C、N输入下不同稳定性有机物料(生物炭、秸秆、有机肥)对砂姜黑土理化性质及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,施用外源有机物料能显著降低土壤容重19.60%~32.23%,增加饱和含水量7.91%~28.99%、田间持水量10.47%~30.76%,提高耕层土壤总孔隙度10.36%~28.21%,提升全量有机质11.00%~37.00%;并对活性有机质组分(低活性有机质、中活性有机质、高活性有机质)产生显著影响,其中高活性有机质增加幅度高达39.22%~83.83%。从有机物料的配比效果来看,CSM处理土壤容重最低,为1.28 g?cm?1,C、S处理土壤容重分别为1.30 g?cm?1、1.36 g?cm?1。CSM处理土壤总孔隙度最大,为58.53%;S、CS、SM处理次之,分别为55.62%、56.90%、54.38%;C、M处理最小,分别为53.18%、50.38%。CS、CM、CSM处理土壤总有机质含量较高,分别为30.76 g?kg?1、32.99 g?kg?1、31.45 g?kg?1;C、S处理相对较低,分别为25.36 g?kg?1、26.16 g?kg?1。CS、SM、CSM处理玉米产量最高,分别为463.67 g?盆?1、376.31 g?盆?1、471.77 g?盆?1,且差异性显著。可见不同稳定性有机物料施入能够改善土壤理化性质,提高玉米产量,生物炭配合秸秆、有机肥还田处理改良土壤及增产效果最佳。     

秸秆还田和保护性耕作对砂姜黑土有机质和氮素养分的影响

通过田间试验,分别采集小麦成熟期、玉米成熟期和小麦播种期耕层土样,研究不同的秸秆还田方式(秸秆还田、焚烧还田和火粪还田)与保护性耕作(减耕和免耕)对砂姜黑土有机质和氮素养分的影响,以期得到培肥砂姜黑土的最佳方式。结果表明:作物秸秆还田可以增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮的含量,但是对速效氮含量影响不大。在不同的秸秆还田和保护性耕作处理中,秸秆火粪还田和免耕条件下的秸秆还田对砂姜黑土有机质和全氮含量的增加效果最为明显。与对照相比,秸秆火粪还田后土壤有机质和全氮含量分别平均提高4.45 g/kg和0.131 g/kg;免耕条件下的秸秆还田其土壤有机质和全氮含量分别平均提高3.36 g/kg和0.095 g/kg;减耕条件下的秸秆还田和秸秆粉碎还田对增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮含量的效果不显著;秸秆焚烧不能增加砂姜黑土有机质和全氮的含量。秸秆还田和保护性耕作不会大幅度提高砂姜黑土C/N进而影响土壤氮素养分的供应,同时秸秆还田能有效提高土壤微生物量碳氮,但微生物量的碳氮比却保持在适宜的范围内。     

中国历代种子保健沿革

 种子是首要的农业生产资料 ,种子的健康与品质的优良自古就受到人们的重视。中国是农业古国 ,农业劳动生产者在长期的生产实践中积累了丰富的种子保健经验。笔者以历史时序为线索 ,对中国历代种子保健方面的主要技术与经验做了整理 ,综述中国古代种子保健方法的沿革 ,尤其是对早在公元前 1世纪就已出现的种子包衣技术的雏形溲种法做了较详细的介绍 ,并简要评价了古代种子保健技术对当前种子科学的借鉴意义。     

Simulation of soil organic carbon dynamics under different pasture managements using the RothC carbon model

Recently, soil carbon sequestration in agro-ecosystems has been attracting significant interest as soil organic carbon (SOC) can potentially offset some atmospheric carbon dioxide. The objectives of this study were to use the RothC model to simulate soil carbon sequestration and determine the proportion of pasture production as carbon input for SOC sequestration under different pasture types and pasture management in a long term experiment established in 1992. There were two types of pastures, annual and perennial pastures, with or without application of limestone. Simulation results showed that with an initial setting for the stubble retention factor of 0.65 and root/shoot ratio of 0.5 for annual pasture and 1.0 for perennial pasture, RothC can adequately simulate SOC for both pasture types, especially annual pasture. Using an inverse modelling technique, the root/shoot ratio was determined as 0.49 and 0.57 for annual pasture and 0.72 and 0.76 for perennial pasture with and without limestone application, respectively. There was a large improvement in model performance for perennial pasture with and without limestone application. The root mean squared errors (RMSE) reduced from 3.19 and 2.99 t C ha⁻¹ in the initial settings to 2.09 and 2.10 t C ha⁻¹, while performance efficiency (PE) increased from 0.89 and 0.91 to the same value of 0.95 when the root/shoot ratio of 0.72 and 0.76 were used for limed and unlimed perennial pastures. However, there was little improvement for annual pasture as RMSE had little change and PE was the same. As the stubble retention factor and root/shoot ratio can be combined into one factor that measures an equivalent amount of total above-ground pasture production allocated for soil carbon input, the modelled results can be summarised as 1.2 times and 1.4 times the above-ground dry matter for annual and for perennial pasture, respectively, regardless of liming. Our results provide useful information for simulation of soil carbon sequestration under continuous pasture systems.     

紫花苜蓿接种根瘤菌施用石灰试验(1987～1989年)

两年试验表明,在红壤丘陵岗地上种植紫花苜蓿,接种根瘤菌结合施用石灰,生长第一年花期结瘤数及青草产量比对照高127.5%及59.3%,越夏率高9.3%;生长第二年花期结瘤数及青草产量分别比对照高34.8%及54.7%,越夏率提高17.2%,增效显著.     

Pelleting or Priming Seed with Calcium Improves Groundnut Seedling Survival in Acid Soils

A growth chamber experiment and a field experiment were conducted to investigate the effects of pelleting or priming groundnut seed with calcium (Ca), either as calcium sulfate (CaSO₄), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂], calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) or Calcimax on growth of groundnut seedlings in acid soils. In the growth chamber experiment, Ca-treated and non-treated groundnut seeds were planted in acid-washed sand and watered with a dilute nutrient solution of pH 4.0 or 5.5. In the field experiment, the seeds were planted in an acid sand clay loam of pH [potassium chloride (KCl)] 4.8. Generally, pelleting or priming the seed with a Ca compound significantly reduced seedling mortality. Also, pelleting groundnut seed with Ca enhanced plant growth. An additional effect of priming was earlier emergence. The most effective Ca compound was CaSO₄ among the priming treatments, whereas CaCO₃ was the most effective among the pelleting treatments to reduce seedling mortality.     

模拟石灰添加对雷竹林土壤氮矿化的影响

土壤酸化是临安雷竹林竹笋生产的主要障碍因子之一。为了提高雷竹笋的产量,改良酸性土壤,提高土壤供氮能力极为重要。本研究以不同种植年限的雷竹林土壤为研究对象,通过模拟试验分析了石灰添加对土壤供氮能力的影响。试验采用Stanford间歇淋洗好气培养法,研究不同石灰添加量处理的土壤氮矿化动力学特征。结果表明,雷竹林土壤随着种植年限增加,pH显著降低,表层有机质和氮素显著积累。不同石灰添加量处理的雷竹林土壤119 天氮矿化过程符合一级反应动力学方程。与对照相比,施用石灰后,土壤氮供应综合指数均有不同程度的提高,说明添加石灰可显著提高土壤氮的有效性。经估算,当前雷竹林每千克土壤施用石灰4 ~ 8 g较适宜,石灰施用过多,会导致土壤矿质氮的过量积累,进而增加氮素损失。因此,通过合理施用石灰,可以缓解雷竹林土壤酸化和提高土壤供氮潜力,增强雷竹的可持续经营。     

施用根瘤茵及石灰对紫花苜蓿生长的影响

试验结果表明，接种根瘤菌后，紫花苜蓿在盛花期的根瘤数显著提高，分枝数、鲜重、干重皆高于对照；施用石灰后，紫花苜蓿的根鲜重、根瘤数、株高、鲜重、干重、分枝数都高于对照。以产量为指标分析根瘤菌及石灰对紫花苜蓿生长的影响，根瘤菌使用水平以10～20g／hm^2为宜，石灰使用量宜为3000kg／hm^2。     

德兴铜矿附近铜污染农田的治理试验

含铜酸性废水污染的农田,土壤呈酸性,有效铜含量较多,严重影响水稻的生长发育,导致减产.投加石灰、有机肥料和硫磺等,都能促进作物生长,产量成倍增加。其中以施用石灰后,再用少量硫磺沾秧根效果最佳,可在当地推广应用.