Vertical variability of spectral ratios in a mature mixed forest stand

The quality and quantity of solar radiation are crucial for growth and competition within forest ecosystems. The spectral waveband between 400 and 700 nm is mainly responsible for photosynthesis and thus for plant growth. Spectral ratios such as red/far red (R/FR) and blue/red (B/R) give important information about the light quality within stands. Changes in R/FR and B/R trigger or inhibit effects such as seed germination, stem growth, dormancy, leaf expansion and flowering. Blue light strongly influences development and growth of plants e.g. an increase of B/R may lead to higher photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area. In addition to spectral properties, a higher fraction of diffuse radiation on overcast days can be used more effectively by plant organs. In this study, the spectral composition and variability of solar radiation were analyzed for different sky conditions and solar angles in six different vertical layers of a mixed European beech and Norway spruce stand in Southern Germany. The results showed lower R/FR ratios in beech than in spruce. Spruce showed markedly higher B/R values in comparison to beech under clear sky conditions. A steep increase of the B/R ratio at the height of the sun crown in both species was observed. Cloud cover had a major effect, elevating R/FR and reducing B/R values compared to clear sky days, due to a higher fraction of diffuse, unattenuated radiation within the canopy. The penetration of blue and red light into the canopy strongly depends on both the diffuse index and solar elevation angle.     

Evaluation of a radiosity based light model for greenhouse cucumber canopies

Light distribution is a key factor of developmental and growth processes, and strongly depends on the foliage distribution which is affected, e.g., by the arrangement of the plants in the canopy. The precise simulation of the light distribution on organ level is an essential component for dynamical plant models which incorporate structural and physiological adaptions of plants to their environment. Combinations of static 3D plant models with 3D light models are used for analyzing the complex light distribution on leaf level in silico, but detailed measurements for evaluation of simulation results are almost non-existent. This study addressed the evaluation of a model on a high level of detail using individual leaf based light measurements in canopies of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). We combined a static 3D plant model derived from digitized plants on an individual organ scale with a mock-up of the surrounding canopy and a 3D radiosity based light distribution model. Variations of plant density and spacing were analyzed to cover a range of canopy architectures. An exclusion of components of the light environment by applying a shading encasement followed by a successive uncovering allowed investigating the scene under increasing levels of complexity. The combined 3D plant-light distribution approach allowed determining the interaction of the light directions and the canopy architecture as well as differences in the accuracy of the simulations. Depending on canopy architecture and shading treatment, the light distributions covered a range from exponentially shaped vertical gradients in encased treatments to nearly flat light profiles in nonencased conditions. In conclusion, simulations of leaf level PAR based on combinations of detailed 3D surfaced-based plant and light distribution models are suitable to derive light-induced physiological responses on organ level.     

聚乙烯管壁厚对圆柱灌水器水力性能影响的研究

为提高圆柱灌水器流量设计精度及滴灌系统的均匀度,以7种圆柱灌水器和4种壁厚组成的25种滴灌管作为研究对象,利用精密微小物体三维扫描仪MCS-60型测量灌水器流道结构参数,并采用自动化程度较高的灌水器水力性能测试平台测试此25种滴灌管,得出其流量压力曲线关系、流量系数和流态指数。测试结果表明,使用不同聚乙烯（PE）管厚度对同一灌水器的流量确实产生影响,其最大影响率能达到20%;不同的PE管壁厚对流量系数影响较大,但对流态指数影响较小;灌水器流道宽度也是造成不同PE管壁厚对灌水器出流的因素,流道越宽,对灌水器出流影响越大。     

长江口区域瞬时潮位修复方法研究

针对验潮站潮位缺失情况,提出了根据最小二乘法求解相邻潮位站间潮位序列的相关性系数,对缺失潮位进行修复,并在长江口区域进行试验,验证了方法的正确性和可行性,对实际生产具有借鉴意义。     

辽宁西部地区光热水资源变化对农业生产的影响

利用辽西地区1960-2009年的气象资料,应用常规数理统计方法,重点分析了近50a来在全球变暖背景下辽宁西部地区光热水资源的变化趋势,以及对当地农业生产的影响。结果表明:近50a来,辽宁西部光照资源下降幅度较大,年日照时数趋势减少406h;年平均气温和年≥0℃积温呈现明显的升高趋势,年平均气温趋势升高1.7℃,年≥0℃活动积温增加307℃.d;降水呈现出减少趋势,年降水量趋势减少62mm,在年代际尺度上波动显著。对于光照资源丰富的辽西地区来说,日照时数减少还未表现出不利影响;而气温升高、降水减少使该地区气候呈现暖干化趋势,这将对辽西农业的发展产生巨大影响。本文通过对光温水资源变化趋势的研究,旨在提高气候变暖对农业生产影响的认识,增强应对气候变化的能力,为农业结构调整提供依据。     

退耕还林(草)背景下黄土高塬沟壑区长武县粮食潜力及安全分析

鉴于黄土高塬沟壑区退耕还林(草)工程和林果业迅速发展所带来的粮食-人口-资源矛盾问题,收集农业气象、耕地等数据,基于GIS技术,采用机制法分析了退耕还林(草)工程实施前后的1993年和2009年黄土高塬沟壑区长武县粮食潜力和安全问题,明确了气候要素限制下长武县各层次粮食生产潜力及开发程度。长武县1993年到2009年可实现粮食潜力总量下降了7.8%,而实际粮食生产总量增产了4.0%,潜力实现率由61.58%增至68.59%。17a间,主要粮食作物播种面积减少了27.8%,单产平均提高44.1%,而人口增长了12.5%,人均播种面积下降了35.9%,人均粮食产量由320.1kg减少至296.0kg,下降了7.5%。温度和土地有效系数的提高是促进可实现粮食潜力增加的主要因素,耕地减少是限制粮食增幅的直接原因,单产提高是促进增产的主要因素。耕地减少、人口增加是该区粮食安全的核心问题,粮食单产的提高是维持该区粮食安全稳定的保障。针对该区粮食安全问题的严峻性,提出必须以全面提高粮食单产为目标,科学增加辅助能量投入,推进基本农田建设,大力推广耕地保育技术和持续高效现代农业。     

太湖上游西苕溪近岸森林土壤氮磷养分差异特征

近岸森林土壤受到河水涨落等自然侵蚀和人类活动的双重扰动,增加了土壤养分流失威胁,从而增大了下游河流和湖泊富营养化的风险,影响森林作为河岸缓冲带作用的发挥。对河岸森林土壤养分的研究,可为河岸森林树种的选取、河岸带建设、经营与管理等提供依据。以太湖上游的西苕溪两岸1km范围内的森林为研究对象,选择典型竹林、经济林、纯林和混交林样地34块,分层采集土壤样品,实验室测定有效磷、碱解氮、全氮和全磷等养分含量,利用变异系数分析不同森林类型和不同深度土层中养分含量的变异性,并且采用单因素方差分析和多重比较的方法分析土壤养分含量在不同森林类型间同一深度土层的差异性。结果表明,竹林土壤有效磷、碱解氮、全氮和全磷均具有较高的变异性,经济林土壤中的有效磷和全氮的变异较大,纯林和混交林土壤养分的变异性总体上较低;土壤有效磷、碱解氮和全氮平均含量在不同林型中都表现为0-10cm〉10-30cm〉30-50cm,即随着土层的加深养分含量降低;土壤有效磷含量竹林显著高于纯林,不同土层竹林与经济林的碱解氮含量显著高于纯林和混交林的;经济林的全氮含量较其他林型的较低,而全磷的含量却较高。     

滴灌均匀系数和施氮量对白菜生长及产量和品质的影响

为了完善滴灌均匀系数设计与评价标准,在日光温室内研究了滴灌均匀系数和施氮量对白菜生长、氮素吸收、相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）、产量和品质的影响。试验中均匀系数设置0.62、0.80和0.96 3个水平,施氮量设置150和300 kg/hm2 2个水平。土壤多参数传感器Hydra Probe的监测结果表明,白菜生育期内不同处理的土壤含水率和温度变化动态基本一致,而不同处理间的土壤电导率的差异主要是由其初始值不同引起的。当滴灌均匀系数不大于80%时,白菜株高、干物质质量、吸氮量和产量的均匀系数大于灌水和施肥的均匀系数,且滴灌均匀系数对株高、干物质质量、相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）、吸氮量、产量及Vc含量、总糖、硝酸盐、纤维素等品质指标均值和均匀系数的影响均不显著（α=0.05）。因此采用过高的均匀系数,对提高产量和改善品质的作用不明显,采用现行滴灌均匀系数的设计和评价标准（均匀系数Cu≥0.80）不会对白菜的生长、养分吸收和产量造成不利影响,可考虑适当降低。     

渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土抗渗性能试验

为了满足渠道衬砌的需要,提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能,在稻壳混凝土中加入了粉煤灰。该文通过试验对渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能进行了研究,得到粉煤灰质量分数、稻壳质量分数和水灰比对粉煤灰稻壳混凝土抗渗性能的影响规律,同时得到了粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土相对渗透系数小于0.783×10-8 cm/s的混凝土配合比。通过对混凝土抗渗性能主效应分析得到混凝土抗渗性能的影响因素顺序：水灰比>稻壳质量分数>粉煤灰质量分数;粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的相对渗透系数随着粉煤灰质量分数和稻壳质量分数的增大呈现出先减小后增大的抛物线的变化趋势,随着水灰比的增大呈现出一直增大的线性变化的规律。试验结果表明在不降低混凝土导热系数的前提下,在稻壳混凝土中掺入粉煤灰后确实能提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能。     

三种中药渣的热解气化特性

该文采用热解气化方法,对含水率为25%左右的3种药渣（杞菊地黄丸、六味地黄丸、香砂养胃丸药渣）进行了气化试验,并与玉米秸秆做比较。结果表明,当过量空气系数为1.1时,三种药渣均具有良好的气化特性,燃气热值均达到5 300 kJ/m3以上,其中香砂养胃丸药渣的燃气热值达到5 460 kJ/m3。相较于玉米秸秆,药渣热解气化产生较多的焦油,过量空气系数为1.1时,3种药渣气化的焦油体积质量约为1 000 mg/m3,并随过量空气系数增加处于不断下降的趋势,证实了3种药渣具有良好的热解气化特性,为中药渣的资源化处理提供了一条新思路。