西藏草地净初级生产力的时空格局演变及其驱动机制分析

本研究基于遥感和气象数据,采用净初级生产力(Net primary productivity,NPP)作为草地指标,辅以模型模拟和野外观测等方法探究西藏草地N PP的格局演化特征,并探究其潜在驱动因素.结果表明:研究期内西藏草地NPP年均值为136.46 gC·m-2·a-1,并以1.57 gC·m-2·a-1的变化率...     

星星草地上部6种元素含量季节动态及其分布

研究星星草人工草地地上部N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量的季节动态及其在不同器官和不同株高的分布情况。结果表明,在生育期间,元素含量由大到小的顺序均为K>N>P>Na>Ca>Mg。其中K、N、P、Na和Mg随着生育期的进程含量递减,而Ca在生育后期变化较小。供试元素积累量及积累速率的季节动态与生物量的变化趋势较为一致,即先升后降。在开花期后元素和干物质开始向根部运输。N在穗中最多,P、Ca、Mg在叶中最多,而K和Na则主要分布在茎中。近地面和茎的最上部元素含量相对较少。开花期为星星草最适合的收获期。     

近50 a黄河上游气候变化趋势和干湿界线波动分析

利用黄河上游地区13个气象站点1959-2008年的气候资料,研究了黄河上游地区多个气候要素的变化,以30 a为时间尺度研究气候变化趋势的可行性。结果表明：区域东南部站点呈干暖化趋势,其他站点以湿暖化为主,变湿的趋势不显著,而变暖的趋势普遍且显著;东南部向着干旱化的方向发展,其他区域不显著;年平均气温和最低气温在1959-1988年、1969-1998年和1979-2008年3个时段呈持续增加趋势,最高气温仅在近30 a呈整体增加趋势;在最低气温和最高气温的共同作用下,1979-2008年年均气温的增幅最大;低海拔站点日照时数持续、显著减少,而高海拔的玛多、达日两站则呈显著增加趋势;相对湿度恰好相反,低海拔站点多呈增加趋势,高海拔站点多呈减少趋势。区域风速总体呈下降趋势,尤其是低海拔地区和后两个时段。采用30 a为时间尺度分析气候变化具有一定的可行性。     

Five decades of glacier changes in the Hulugou Basin of central Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

The Heihe River Basin is the second largest inland river basin in the arid regions of Northwest China. Glaciers provide a large proportion of water resources for human production and living. Studies of glacier changes and their impact on water resources in the arid lands are of vital importance. A joint expedition was carried out in 2010 for investigating glaciers in the Hulugou Basin, which is located in the upper reaches of Heihe River. Therefore, glacier changes in the Hulugou Basin of central Qilian Mountains during the past 50 years were analyzed in this study by comparing topographic maps, satellite images, digital elevation models and field observation data from different periods. Results showed that the total area of the 6 glaciers in the Hulugou Basin decreased by 0.590±0.005 km2 during the period 1956–2011, corresponding to a loss of 40.7% over the total area in 1956. The average area reduction rate of the 6 glaciers is 0.011 km2/a. During the past five decades, the glacier shrinkage was accelerated. The changes in glacier ice surface elevation ranged from –15 to 3 m with an average thinning of 10±8 m or an annual decrease of 0.23±0.18 m(0.20±0.15 m/a water equivalent) for the period 1956–2000. The area of Shiyi Glacier in the Hulugou Basin decreased from 0.64 km2 in 1956 to 0.53 km2 in 2011 with a reduction rate of 17.2%. The Shiyi Glacier had been divided into two separated glaciers because of severe melting. Comparative analysis showed that glacier shrinkage in the Hulugou Basin is more serious than that in the other regions of Qilian Mountains.     

我国干旱半干旱地区气候变化及其影响

全球气候变化正在直接或间接地对自然生态系统和人类经济社会产生影响,而干旱、半干旱地区的生态系统非常脆弱,对气候变化异常敏感,通过对我国干旱半干旱地区气候变化及影响研究,认为在近50年我国干旱半干旱地区气温上升了1.8℃、降水增多29mm、地表蒸发加大、径流量减少、水资源供求矛盾加剧;农业结构调整,绿洲灌溉区农作物气候产量提高,雨养旱作区农作物产量减少;部分草原生产力下降,病虫害加剧;沙尘暴总体呈减少趋势,但局部地区由于气温升高,土壤水分耗减加速,风沙活动加剧;农业、航空、建筑、渔业、交通、工业均受到影响。     

新疆南部转基因棉区棉铃虫种群长期动态研究

（Bacillus thuringiensis）基因抗虫棉在新疆南部推广已超过10 a,为探索Bt棉大面积种植对棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）种群动态的影响,于1999-2010年使用诱虫灯监测了Bt棉大面积种植区域（麦盖提）和非Bt棉大面积种植区域（阿瓦提）棉铃虫的种群动态。结果表明：新疆南部地区20世纪90年代末发生棉铃虫害较重,2000-2004年种群数量保持较高水平;自2005年Bt棉大面积推广以后,Bt棉区棉铃虫的种群数量显著下降,棉铃虫种群数量随Bt棉种植比例的上升而下降（P<0.05）;]随着Bt棉大面积推广年数的增加,Bt棉区棉铃虫各代种群数量均逐渐下降,第二代种群数量和高峰期蛾量下降速率均较越冬代和第一代快,且第二代棉铃虫种群相对丰富度也逐渐下降。因此,新疆地区Bt棉的大面积种植能较好地控制棉铃虫的种群数量,而且对第二代棉铃虫种群的控制效果最好。     

Bloom or bust: synchrony in jellyfish abundance,fish consumption,benthic scavenger abundance,and environmental drivers across a continental shelf

Increases in gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) populations, their dominance of some ecosystems, their impacts to other taxa, and their questionable trophic value remain global concerns, but they are difficult to quantify. We compared trends in GZ abundance from direct sampling for the northeast U.S. continental shelf and tested their association with GZ consumption by spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias); the abundance of two benthic scavengers: Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) and grenadiers (Family: Macrouridae); and four environmental indices: Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, and sea surface and bottom temperatures. Defined as scyphozoans, siphonophores, ctenophores, and salps, the abundance of GZ on the shelf has oscillated with blooms approximately every 10–15 yr. Conservative estimates of annual removal of GZ by spiny dogfish ranged from approximately 0.3–298 g individual^?1 with spiny dogfish being the primary GZ feeder sampled on the shelf. The examination of three abundance series for GZ identified one shelf‐wide trend and strong relationships with 2‐yr lagged consumption and scavenger abundance (namely hagfish), and sea surface temperature. With multimodel inference, these covariates led to an optimal model of GZ abundance. Blooms of GZ abundance on this shelf were influenced by environmental change, provide surges of food for spiny dogfish, and may offer ‘food falls’ for scavenging fishes. The bioenergetic tradeoffs of consuming greater amounts of GZ compared to other major prey (e.g., fishes) remain unknown; however, these surges of food in the northwest Atlantic appear to be important for fishes, including support for benthic scavenger productivity.     

气候变化条件下木瓜秀粉蚧在中国的潜在适生区预测

为明确木瓜秀粉蚧Paracoccus marginatus Williams et Granara de Willink 1922在中国的潜在适生区,基于中国820个气象站点的气象数据和未来气候变化数据,结合木瓜秀粉蚧的生物学特性,利用CLIMEX模型对该虫在中国当前气候以及未来气候条件下的潜在适生区进行预测。结果显示,木瓜秀粉蚧在中国的潜在适生区主要在南方,适生区面积占全国陆地总面积的9.07%。高适生区主要包括海南省、广东省南部、广西壮族自治区南部以及福建省和云南省小部分地区。在未来气候条件下,2050年木瓜秀粉蚧的潜在适生区将进一步扩大,适生区面积所占比例将增加至15.46%,且有向北移动的趋势。表明木瓜秀粉蚧对中国南方地区的农业潜在威胁巨大,建议将该虫增补为检疫对象,并加强检疫监管和种群动态监测。     

盐碱环境下火龙果生长过程中果实主要营养元素含量变化

在盐碱环境下,对白肉火龙果果实生长过程中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和钠等营养元素的动态变化进行观察、测定和分析。结果表明:氮、磷、钾和镁含量的变化趋势相似,总体呈"倒N"型变化,钙含量的变化在整个生长过程中始终保持下降趋势,钠含量波动较大。在不同生长阶段,氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和钠等营养元素含量变异系数较大,从27.60%～43.52%。果实中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和钠含量累积的峰值均出现在花后30 d,分别为682.22、83.11、993.92、55.73、107.04和11.94 mg,在花后6～15 d及26～30 d累积速率较快。该研究结果为指导盐碱环境下火龙果的高效栽培利用提供参考。