The effect of land cover/vegetation on soil water dynamic in the hilly area of the loess plateau,China

Severe soil and water loss has lead to widespread land degradation in China's loess plateau. During the past decades, a great deal of effort was made on vegetation restoration to reduce soil and water loss in the loess plateau. However, due to water shortage the efficiency of vegetation restoration was not as satisfactory as expected. As part of a vegetation restoration project, we conducted research aiming to understand the relationship between vegetation pattern and soil water dynamics. The goal was to find vegetation types appropriate for the loess plateau with scarce water resources. In 1986, fifteen plots of land were planted with five vegetation types: pine woodland, shrubland, sloping cropland, alfalfa and semi-natural grassland. Soil water content, runoff, soil erosion were measured for each plot. Environmental variables, such as rainfall, evaporation and temperature, were recorded simultaneously by an automated meteorological station. The relationship between land cover pattern and soil water dynamic was evaluated by using statistical models. We found that: (1) soil water loss occurred during the growing season, and it reached the maximum in the second half of July; (2) soil water was not fully replenished from rainfall during the rainy season; (3) pine woodland induced the largest water loss to surface runoff, followed by sloping cropland, alfalfa, semi-natural grassland and shrubland; the poor capability of pine woodland for water conservation may be attributed to soil compaction and poor ground coverage under the tree; (4) in most cases, soil water of the five vegetation types was low except for shrubland and semi-natural grassland where it was moderate-high during a few periods. These conditions inhibit sustainable vegetation growth in the semi-arid loess hilly area of the loess plateau, China.     

不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

研究了长期定位试验不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物生物量碳的变化,结果表明:裸地处理的微生物生物量碳最低;不施肥种植作物(CK)或施肥种植作物(NPK)能显著提高土壤微生物量碳含量;NPK配合猪厩肥处理的微生物体碳含量显著高于CK和NPK处理;荒地处理由于返回的植物残体量很大,积累的有机物很多,所以其微生物量碳最大;其次为割草处理和林地处理。有机质含量高的土壤其土壤微生物量也高,土壤微生物碳的周转强度也大,周转时间短,周转速率为:荒地>割草>林地>NPK+C>NPK>CK>裸地。     

河西地区土地利用变化的生态环境效应研究

1990~2000年间,河西地区土地利用方式发生了较大的变化。耕地面积和居民地、工矿、交通等建设用地持续扩大,草地、未利用地和水域面积趋于减少;动态过程以未利用地向耕地和建设地转化,草地向耕地转化最为明显。主要土地利用转变类型大多与耕地有关。土地利用/覆盖变化导致了诸多生态环境问题如:土地荒漠化、水资源短缺、水质恶化、植被破坏等,使该区的生态环境更加脆弱。     

土地利用总体规划存在的几个问题及新形势下的战略趋向

从目前土地利用总体规划中存在的几个突出问题(三大规划协调不力,规划的动态性、前瞻性不足,区域间统筹协调不够,基础数据不实,农民土地保护意识不强、投入缺乏热情等)着手,分析其存在的原因及影响,并提出相应的解决方案及新形势下的战略趋向。     

“退耕还林(草)”工程可持续发展研究

要保证“退耕还林(草)”工程的可持续发展,必须做到:树立全局观念,明确战略目标;建立科学的决策机制和完善的市场调节机制,因地制宜地引导农民发展后续产业;在全社会建立循环经济发展模式,促进“退耕还林(草)”工程的可持续发展;实施生态经济管理,实现生态目标和经济目标的“双赢;”运用系统管理思想,再造组织流程,整合资源,形成强势合力;加大科研开发投入,提高“退耕还林(草)”工程效率,增强后续产业的市场竞争力。     

阜平县土地资源可持续利用评价

为把握阜平县土地资源的可持续利用程度,该研究以统计数据及TM图片为基础数据源,采用线性加成方法,对阜平县1998～2002年的土地资源可持续利用状况进行了分析评价.结果表明:阜平县土地资源利用可持续性水平逐年提高,可持续利用程度处于基本可持续发展阶段;自然资源因素对现阶段可持续水平的影响最大,但有逐步弱化趋势;未来的可持续发展应主要依靠增加物质投入和科技进步,社会经济条件和生态环境能否明显改善将是左右未来可持续发展的关键.     

Future of land use in Australia: An economic perspective

It is proposed that the standard economist's model of optimum land use is extended to include the interaction with land cover and land condition. Such a model allows consideration of the influence of market factors and government policies and programmes on land use patterns and management practices, and the feedback effect on land cover and land condition. Recent developments in the approach to modelling land condition, which include the joint consideration of economic factors and physical processes, are discussed. Factors affecting the pattern of agricultural land use in Australia are then reviewed. The importance of considering economic and physical interactions when assessing land use patterns is increasingly being recognized in research and policy development. If research is to meet the needs of land managers in the future then economists and physical scientists will need to integrate their data modelling capabilities in order to address natural resource management issues.     

坡地生物篱和缓坡地等高种植技术集成总结

灌阳县由于降雨时空分布不均,造成秋冬季节干旱严重,直接影响水果产量和品质.2005年6月在灌阳县灌阳镇和观音阁乡园地中,采用营造生物篱、等高种植、生物覆盖、滴灌等旱作节水农业技术措施,建立集成技术示范园,核心示范面积539亩.经过一年的实施,示范区水土流失明显减少,水果产量、品质明显提高.     

湖南省退耕还林工程社会经济效益调查研究

调查结果显示：①农户家庭总收入和净收入退耕后2004年,分别增长41．54％、62．95％,且退耕后农户家庭收入结构也发生了一定的变化;②农户家庭生活和文化消费总支出退耕后2004年增长率分别为37．28％、51．17％,且退耕后农户家庭的生活和文化消费支出结构也发生了一定的变化;③恩格尔系数退耕后2004年下降了3．56％,说明退耕后农民的生活水平得到了进一步提高;④农户家庭就医率和适龄儿童入学率上升到了退耕后2004年的84.5％、97．8％;⑤生态环境建设在我省干部和农户心目中的地住逐渐提高,说明生态环境建设在我省干部和群众中奠定了坚实的民意基础,产生了较为深远的影响力。