醋酸/ 醋酸铵缓冲体系中苹果酸对高岭石的溶解特征

采用间歇法(batch method)模拟研究醋酸/醋酸铵缓冲体系中苹果酸对高岭石的溶解特征。结果表明,反应液中Al、Si浓度随苹果酸浓度提高、反应液pH 降低及反应时间的推移而增加;有缓冲溶剂的苹果酸作用下,高岭石表现出Al的优先释放。且低浓度苹果酸(≤5 mmol·L^-1)时,随着酸度的升高,配体促进溶解速率(R_L)减小;高浓度苹果酸(10 mmol·L^-1)时,随着酸度的升高,配体促进溶解速率(R_L)增加,但增幅随pH 的降低而减弱。随着酸度的升高,配体对高岭石溶解的相对作用减弱,但相对于质子对高岭石的溶解作用,本试验浓度及酸度范围内,其对高岭石溶解的贡献较小。     

Longevity of soil water repellency in a former wastewater disposal tree stand and potential amelioration

Previous studies have shown that long-term irrigation with wastewater can lead to the development of soil water repellency. Little is known about the longevity of this effect. Here we address this research gap by examining the effect of long-term (~ 20 years) use of low-quality wastewater for disposal purposes, followed by 6 years of ‘recovery’ with no irrigation, on the wettability of calcareous sandy soil (Xerofluvent) under a Populus alba tree stand used as a “green filter” in SE Spain. Water repellency (WR) and soil organic matter content (SOM) were determined for 120 air-dry samples from the plot and 80 control samples from adjacent and otherwise similar non-irrigated areas. To account for plot micro-topography 40 samples each were taken from ridges (R; 0-5 cm depth), furrows (F; 0-5 cm), and furrows at depth (FD; 5-10 cm). The controls included 40 samples each (0-5 cm depth) from unvegetated and unploughed soil, and from soil under the P. alba plantation.All control samples were non-repellent whereas at the irrigated plot, water repellency was present for 48, 95 and 93% of ridge, furrow and furrow-depth samples respectively. WR and SOM was strongly correlated within the whole sample population (R² = 0.623**) and within two sample groups (R: R² = 0.783**; FD: R² = 0.424**), but weakly within F samples (R² = 0.072 n.s.). The latter showed the highest frequency and persistence (WDPT) of WR, indicating that not only quantity of SOM is controlling WR. Exploratory kaolinite clay additions (0.5-8%) to samples substantially reduced WR even at the lowest concentration, indicating that this could be a promising amelioration treatment for the WR in the soils investigated here.We conclude that for the conditions studied here (i) long-term use with poor-quality wastewater for disposal had led to the development of soil WR, (ii) a 6-year period of ‘recovery’ (i.e. non-irrigation) was insufficient to eliminate the induced WR, and (iii) kaolinite addition could be a promising amelioration treatment for these sandy soils.     

改性高岭土对水中磷的吸附行为研究

[目的]探讨改性高岭土吸附磷的规律和最佳吸附条件。[方法]先取一定量的高岭土加入含Al3＋和Mg2＋的溶液,制备成改性高岭土,然后在6mg/LKH2PO4的水溶液中,加入改性高岭土,恒温振荡一定时间,静止过滤,分析滤液中磷的含量,计算磷去除率,研究pH值和改性高岭土用量对磷吸附处理效果的影响以及吸附时间对磷去除时间的影响。[结果]改性高岭土对磷具有较好的吸附去除效果,其最佳吸附条件为：pH值为5～7,反应时间控制在30min,吸附剂的合适投加量为4g/L,在此条件下,磷的去除率超过80%。改性高岭土对磷的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,以化学吸附为主。[结论]改性高岭土吸附磷效果好,运行操作稳定,吸附磷后的高岭土还可作为农田肥料,实现了废水治理和污染物磷资源化的双重目的。     

The effect of seasonal flooding on the clay mineralogy of a soil series in the Volta Lake drawdown area,Ghana

Four pedons of Arenic/Grossarenic Paleustalf (Denteso Series), in the Volta Lake drawdown area in Northern Ghana, were described and sampled just before seasonal floodings commenced in the area. After 5 years of periodic flooding the soils were re-examined and sampled. Soil properties required for soil classification, including the clay mineralogy, of both the pre-flooding and the post-flooding samples were determined. One of the main objectives was to identify changes in soil properties which result from the periodic flooding. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that before flooding the main clay minerals of the Denteso were kaolinite and smectite, and there were also some mica and quartz in the total clay fraction. Comparison of the pre-flooding with the post-flooding data revealed that practically all the smectite disappeared from all the three sampled pedons that were flooded for 5 to 20 weeks during each flood cycle, while the smectite persisted in the non-flooded pedon. With the disappearance of the 2 : 1 lattice clays there occurred a considerable decrease in cation exchange capacity (CEC) and in base saturation of the flooded pedons ranging from 0.04 to 3.63 cmol kg ⁻¹. Also, there was an increase in pH by 0.4 to 1 unit in most horizons of the flooded pedons in spite of the general decrease in base saturation. These changes in CEC, base saturation and pH support the XRD evidence that the seasonal floodings caused pedochemical weathering of the smectite in this loamy sand soil at a very fast rate during the 5 year period and this had resulted in the lowering of the buffering capacity and a general impoverishment of the soil series.