民勤绿洲边缘沙拐枣群落分布与土壤理化因子关系研究

在全球气候和土地利用变化背景下,及时了解植被和土壤环境在特定区域的关系有助于预测植被群落的演替变化。在野外调查取样与室内分析的基础上,采用经典统计学和冗余分析的方法,研究了民勤绿洲边缘沙拐枣群落空间分布与土壤理化性质的相互关系。结果表明：民勤绿洲边缘沙拐枣群落出现14种植物,分属7科14属,物种组成贫乏,科属组成较为分散,结构简单。除了pH和电导率之外,沙拐枣群落土壤其他因子在各样带之间差异不显著。整体上看,沙拐枣群落生境土壤水分条件差,养分贫瘠,以粗化呈弱碱性的风沙土为主。冗余分析表明,电导率和pH对沙拐枣群落空间分布有显著的影响。沙拐枣是干旱区优良的固沙造林树种,建议在选择造林地时要考虑土壤盐碱性的影响。     

金塔县野生花卉资源调查研究

用样方调查法和线路调查法对金塔县野生花卉资源状况进行了调查研究。结果表明:金塔县野生花卉资源种类丰富,有野生花卉植物21科38属65种;按其观赏部位及习性等可分为观花类、观枝叶类和观果类;重点阐述了16种重要野生花卉资源的形态特征、观赏特性;并对金塔县野生花卉资源的保护和合理开发利用提出了建议。     

2003-2008年甘肃民勤绿洲土地荒漠化动态监测

通过对2003年和2008年2期覆盖民勤的TM影像解译,对民勤绿洲及其外围20 km范围内8 355.20 km2土地进行荒漠化动态监测。结果表明：民勤绿洲土地荒漠化严重,荒漠化土地占到监测区的80%以上。荒漠化类型分为风蚀和盐渍荒漠化2种,呈带状分布在绿洲外围或镶嵌于绿洲内部。2003年监测区内共有荒漠化土地671 ...     

Policy incentives for reducing nitrate leaching from intensive agriculture in desert oases of Alxa, Inner Mongolia, China

Excessive irrigation and nitrogen applications result in substantial nitrate leaching into groundwater in intensively cropped oases in desert areas of Alxa, Inner Mongolia. An integrated modelling approach was developed and applied to compare policy incentives to reduce nitrate leaching. The integrated model consists of a process-based biophysical model, a meta-model, a farm economic model and an assessment of policy incentives. The modelling results show that there are “win-win” opportunities for improving farm profitability and reducing nitrate leaching. We found that 4471 Yuan ha⁻¹ of farm gross margin could be obtained with a reduction in nitrate leaching of 373 kg ha⁻¹. Farmers’ lack of knowledge about water and nitrogen in soil, and on crop requirements for water and nitrogen could explain the differences, so that agricultural extension is an appropriate policy incentive for this area. When the economic optimum is obtained reductions in nitrate leaching are not achievable without profit penalties and there is a “trade-off” relationship between farm profitability and groundwater quality protection. The combination of low elasticity of nitrate leaching and large elasticity of farm gross margin against water price increases results in very high costs for reducing nitrate leaching (105.6 Yuan kg⁻¹). It is suggested that if the water price increases were coupled with subsidies for adopting nitrate leaching mitigation practices, environmental gains could come at a lower cost.     

河西绿洲膜下滴灌调亏对食用向日葵耗水特征、光合特性及品质的影响

于2019年在张掖市益民灌溉试验站进行食用向日葵膜下滴灌调亏大田试验,探究在现蕾期、开花期和灌浆期充分灌溉条件下,苗期轻度—成熟期(轻度、中度)水分调亏、苗期中度—成熟期(轻度、中度)水分调亏、苗期重度—成熟期(轻度、中度)水分调亏处理分别对食用向日葵耗水、光合特性、品质及产量的影响,为河西绿洲冷凉灌区优质高产高效种植食用向日葵提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)苗期和成熟期食用向日葵的阶段耗水量、耗水模数、日耗水强度均随水分调亏程度增加而降低,与充分灌溉相比,苗期水分调亏处理阶段耗水量、耗水模数、日耗水强度降幅分别为10.10%～46.08%,7.57%～34.58%,10.68%～46.60%,成熟期水分调亏处理阶段耗水量、耗水模数、日耗水强度降幅分别为5.50%～30.29%,2.93%～16.72%,5.56%～30.34%,苗期重度水分调亏经后期复水补偿作用有限;(2)苗期重度和成熟期中度水分调亏显著降低食用向日葵叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率(P0.05),与充分灌溉相比,苗期重度水分调亏的降幅分别为40.30%～45.98%,43.99%～47.37%,38.20%～42.10%,成熟期中度水分调亏的降幅分别为14.23%～32.07%,15.98%～51.23%,10.02%～28.45%;(3)苗期中度—成熟期轻度处理品质最优,其粗脂肪含量与粗蛋白含量较充分灌溉分别显著提高10.84%,14.90%(P0.05)。(4)苗期中度—成熟期轻度水分调亏处理产量为4 145 kg/hm~2,与对照CK处于同一水平,产量无明显降低情况,具有节水、调质作用。综合考虑食用向日葵耗水量、光合特性、品质及产量等指标,在其他生育期充分灌溉条件下,进行苗期中度—成熟期轻度水分调亏,作为当地食用向日葵节水优质最优调亏灌溉模式。     

金塔沙漠不同人工植被类型土壤种子库特征

[目的]对甘肃省酒泉市金塔沙漠不同类型人工植被林地的土壤种子库进行调查研究,以揭示干旱条件下沙漠人工植被土壤种子库的分布规律、种子库物种多样性的变化特征以及土壤种子库与地上植被的关系,为河西走廊退化人工林生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据。[方法]通过野外植被调查、土壤种子库取样和土样萌发试验进行分析研究。[结果]①土壤种子库中,共统计到植物种有24种,胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落、胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落、梭梭—河西菊群落、柽柳—花花柴群落土壤种子库物种数依次为18种、18种、14种、3种,土壤种子密度依次为660.71,267.85,29.64,19.29粒/m~2。土壤种子库中一年生、多年生草本的物种和密度占优势,乔木、灌木和半灌木种子所占比例较低。②物种多样性分析表明,乔木林土壤种子库物种的Margalef丰富度指数大于灌木林,土壤种子库物种的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致,均为胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落柽柳—花花柴群落梭梭—河西菊群落胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落,而生态优势度指数与之相反。③乔木林土壤种子库植物与地上植被的相似程度高于灌木林。[结论]沙漠人工植被林地土壤种子库物种丰富度低,以草本植物为主,沙漠自我恢复度低,人工营造乔木林、灌木林有利于干旱荒漠区生态恢复与重建。     

民勤绿洲土地荒漠化动态监测

解译1998年和2003年的卫星影像数据表明:5年间,民勤绿洲荒漠化土地面积从337126.71hm2增加到341221.21hm2,增加了4094.50hm2。其中风蚀荒漠化土地增加了5857.24hm2,盐渍荒漠化土地减少了1762.74hm2。风蚀荒漠化土地中沙化耕地的面积增加了11035.49hm2,而沙化林地、沙化草地分别减少了2749.12hm2、2556.82hm2。其荒漠化程度正在由中轻度向重度和极重度逐步加剧发展。民勤绿洲荒漠化发展变化集中表现为在原有耕地和新开荒的弃耕以及有林地、沙化林地、沙化草地、盐渍化土地被无序的开荒而转变为沙化耕地。造成民勤绿洲荒漠化目前形式的原因主要有两点:一是石羊河上游来水量持续减少和地下水持续超采造成的绿洲水资源环境的逐步恶化,地下水持续下降,造成其天然植被退化消亡;二是随着人口压力的增加,人为过度开荒和弃耕造成的地表植被无法恢复,引起的土地荒漠化。     

沙漠绿洲区不同灌水方式条件下玉米灌溉制度研究

在石羊河流域干旱缺水的民勤县连续进行了 4年田间试验 ,研究了大田地膜玉米畦灌、常规沟灌、交替隔沟灌溉和宽垄沟灌 4种灌水方式下的灌溉定额及其对产量和水分利用的影响 ,拟定了不同灌水方式下的灌溉制度 ,得出交替隔沟灌溉方式下灌水 7次 ,次灌水定额为 30 0 m3/hm2 ,灌水时间为拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期、抽穗期、灌浆始、灌浆中、乳熟期的灌溉制度为该地区推荐采用的最优方案。     

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Productivity and Nitrate Accumulation in Gansu Oasis

A long-term （1982-2001） field experiment was conducted in a calcareous soil under wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-maize （Zea mays L.） rotation system at Zhangye, Gansu Province, China to determine the effects of long-term fertilization on crop yield, nutrients interactions, content and accumulation of nitrate-N in soil profiles. Twenty- four plots in a split-plot factorial with a combination of eight treatments （from nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, potassium （K） and farmyard manure （M） applications） and 3 replications were selected. Main treatments were M and without M, and the sub-treatments were no-fertilizer （CK）, N, NP and NPK. When P and K fertilizers were part of treatments, their ratio to N was 1N：0.22P：0.42K. All M, P and K fertilizers were applied as the basal dressing. The grain yield was harvested each experimental period and straw yield for the period from 1988 to 1997. After crop harvest in 2000, the soil was sampled from the 0-20, 20-60, 60-100, 100-140 and 140-180 cm depths to determine NO3^--N content. Maize yield of CK in 2000 was only 28.2% of that in 1984, and wheat in 2001 was 25.7% of that observed in 1982. Average impact of fertilizers on grain yield decreased in the order of N 〉 M 〉 P 〉 K. Yield response to N and P fertilizers increased with progress of the experiment. The impact of K fertilizer showed no increase in grain yield during the initial 6 years （1982-1987）, moderate increase in the next 5 years （1988-1992）, and considerable increase in the last 9 years （1993-2001）. The straw yield trend was similar to grain yield. Accumulation and distribution of NO3^--N in soil was significantly affected by annual fertilizations. Mineral fertilizers （NP and NPK） led to NO3^- -N accumulation in most subsoil layers, with major impact in the 20-140 cm depth. The combination of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure （MNP and MNPK） reduced soil NO3^--N accumulation in comparison to mineral fertilizers, It can be argued that long-term fertilization significantly enhanced grain and straw yield in this rotation scheme. The findings of this research suggest that it is important to balance application of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure in order to protect soil and underground water from potential NO3^--N pollution while sustaining high productivity in the oasis agro-ecosystem.     

绿洲不同生态区资源变异及水土开发模式研究

水土资源的开发始终是绿洲农业发展的核心问题,通过对冲积洪积扇绿洲、冲积平原绿洲、干三角洲绿洲等绿洲不同生态区水土资源空间组合差异及水土资源的开发特点分析,提出了不同生态区水土开发利用要点,认为在冲积扇及冲积平原区域,通过合理井灌井排、人工种植草场及机械化除盐等技术进行恢复盐渍化弃耕地为主来扩大耕地,避免重新开荒后又弃耕的发生;在流域下游干三角洲及沙漠边缘区域,通过高效节水技术防止地下水位抬升,造成土壤次生盐渍化,为绿洲农业资源的优化配置和农业结构调整提供理论依据。