果梅品种的花粉形态

采用扫描电镜及光学显微镜观察了来自云南、浙江、福建以及从日本引进的计９个果梅栽培品种的花粉形态．结果表明，果梅花粉为扁球形至圆球形，具３孔沟，内孔为长方形或近正方形，表面纹饰为条纹状．品种间在花粉粒大小、形状、萌发孔特点以及纹饰特征上均表现出差异，特别是纹饰特征的差异尤为突出，可作为果梅品种鉴别的依据．同时，果梅品种花粉形态变异丰富多样，表明果梅品种资源遗传基础的多样性与复杂性     

赣昌鲫(日本白鲫♀×兴国红鲤♂)及其双亲同工酶的研究

采用不连续聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳法,研究了赣昌鲫(Carassius cuvieri♀×Cyprinus carpio var. singuonensis ♂)及其双亲的肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、心脏、脑、晶状体6种组织在超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶(MDH)、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶(LDH)、酯酶(EST)四种同工酶酶谱表达上的遗传差异。结果显示:赣昌鲫的SOD酶谱表达在6种组织中与母本一致;心脏、肝脏、肾脏的MDH表达酶带数与母本相同,且具偏母遗传特性,肌肉的MDH表达谱带数与父本肌肉相同,具偏父遗传特性;LDH、EST在各组织中的酶带表达形式则多数特征偏向于父本,部分与母本相似;LDH同工酶的表达显示出新杂种酶带特异性,EST同工酶在肾脏中也表达了自身特有的杂种酶带。结果表明,属间杂交的后代遗传物质上也存在着变异,存在可选育的性状。     

Impact of winter‐to‐spring environmental variability along the Kuroshio jet on the recruitment of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus)

Winter‐to‐spring variability in sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed layer depth (MLD) around the Kuroshio current system and its relationship to the survival rate (ln [recruit per spawning stock biomass], LNRPS) of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) were investigated based on a correlation analysis of data from 1980 to 1995. The data were from a high‐resolution ocean general circulation model using the ‘Kuroshio axis coordinates’, in which the meridional positions are relocated to a latitude relative to the Kuroshio axis at each longitude, rather than the geographically fixed coordinates. A significant positive (negative) correlation between LNRPS and winter MLD (winter–spring SST) was detected near the Kuroshio axis from areas south of Japan (where eggs are spawned) to the Kuroshio Extension (where larvae are transported). This result is in contrast to previous studies using geographically fixed coordinates, which showed a significant correlation predominantly in the area south of the Kuroshio Extension in winter, where at this time few larvae have been found. From the late 1980s to early 1990s, when the survival rate was remarkably low, MLD around the axis was shallow and SST was high. Although MLD and SST show a significant correlation, significant partial correlations were also observed between February MLD and LNRPS when the contribution of SST was excluded, and between March SST and LNRPS when the contribution of MLD was excluded. We presume that MLD shoaling reduced the nutrient supply from deep layers, resulting in less productivity in the spring, and SST warming could have a negative influence on larval growth.     

Effects of hearing diverse orthoptera sounds on human psychology

There is a growing interest in the health improvement functions of green spaces. Natural sounds have various effects on the human mind and body and this positive effect is a cultural service of the ecosystem; however, the mechanisms of these effects are poorly understood. This study investigated the psychological effects of diverse orthoptera calls on Japanese university people. Sixty-five participants were exposed to seven different sound sources, which comprised 1–4 different species, and then asked to answer questions on impressions and preferences. We compared the differences in preference scores according to species and number of species. Factor analysis was used to identify the common factors of impressions. Structural equation modeling was used to understand the influence of participants’ attributes on their preferences. The results showed that as the number of species increased, the sound preference score increased. As a result of the factor analysis of the impressions, the factors Calm, Gorgeous, Musicality, and Deep were extracted; the factor scores of Gorgeous and Musicality increased as the number of species increased. Both, the inclusion of certain species and an increased diversity of species, increased the score. The combination of multiple species resulted in a favorable evaluation due to the harmonization of sounds and diversification of rhythms on the time axis. The results showed that the presence of diverse species of orthopteran calls has a positive effect on humans; orthopteran sounds are assumed to have psychological restorative effects. However, since the influence of the participants’ attributes on preference was unclear in this result, further research is required to understand the effects of racial and cultural backgrounds, age, place of residence and personal attributes. Diverse orthopteran calls are an ecosystem service that contribute to the quality of the soundscape.     

Optimal dietary taurine level for growth of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

The requirement for taurine in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined by feeding diets containing various levels of taurine and cystine. Test diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of taurine or with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of L -cystine were prepared. The basal diet contained 55% protein from white fish meal. These diets were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder with an initial mean bodyweight of 0.9 g (total length (TL) 48 mm) for 5 weeks. Approximately 1.4% taurine content in the diet was required for optimum growth of juvenile flounder. A positive linear relationship was noted between the content of taurine accumulated in the muscle, liver and brain and the level of taurine in the diet. However, there was no increased taurine content in tissues of fish fed the cystine-supplemented diet. In contrast, the fish fed control and cystine-supplemented diets showed higher contents of cystathionine in the tissues. The concentration of cystathionine in tissues rapidly decreased with an increase of taurine in the diet. It was also observed that for each of the dietary groups, a trace amount of taurine was excreted. These results suggest that the taurine content in the diet affects the sulfur amino acid metabolism of juvenile Japanese flounder, and indicate that juvenile flounder are unable to biosynthesize taurine from cystine.     

Ultrastructural Localization of Hydrogen Peroxide in Host Leaves Treated with AK-toxin I Produced by Alternaria alternata Japanese Pear Pathotype

The rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), called the oxidative burst, is one of the earliest host responses to pathogen infection or elicitor treatments. Therefore, we looked for the induction of ROS generation in Japanese pear leaves by the host-specific toxin, AK-toxin I using a cytochemical method for detecting H₂O₂. A small amount of non-specific generation of H₂O₂ was found in the cell walls in toxin- and water-treated susceptible and resistant leaves. Thus, the generation of H₂O₂ at cell walls appears to be caused by wounding stress during sampling. Specific generation of ROS, however, was found only in the membrane fragments and extended desmotubules characteristic of modified sites of the plasma membrane in the toxin-treated susceptible leaves. In addition, generation of H₂O₂ at plasma membranes was observed with higher frequency in toxin-treated susceptible leaves. This result indicates that the H₂O₂ generation was associated with damaged sites in the plasmalemma after toxin treatment and perhaps with the formation of membrane fragments from altered portions of the invaginated plasma membrane. Received 21 September 2001/ Accepted in revised form 25 October 2001     

铅污染对山皂角生长生理的影响

[目的]研究山皂角在铅污染环境中的生长发育、生理生态的反应及适应性,为治理铅污染土壤提供一定的理论依据及技术指导。[方法]以山皂角（Gleditsia japonica Miq.）为研究对象,通过野外盆栽试验,分别添加纯铅浓度为200、400、800、1 200、1 600 mg/kg（土）,研究不同浓度铅处理对山皂角苗木生长发育、生理方面的影响。[结果]盆栽山皂角根系长度、苗高、地径、质量受到了不同程度的抑制;低浓度的铅处理能够刺激叶绿素含量的形成,高浓度则抑制叶绿素形成;山皂角叶片的脯氨酸含量随铅浓度的升高而增加;铅对硝酸还原酶活性有较强的抑制作用,山皂角过氧化物酶活性随着铅浓度的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。[结论]土壤铅浓度在800 mg/kg（土）之内,铅对山皂角的生理影响较小,山皂角可以比较正常生长。     

近代日本的两次立宪及特征

日本自近代以来产生了两部宪法,《明治宪法》确立的天皇制把日本最终变成了世界大战的策源地。战后在特殊的历史条件下,日本制定了新宪法《日本国宪法》,重新选择了治理国家的模式,并实现了经济上的巨大成功。     

Histochemical properties of skeletal muscles in Japanese cattle and their meat production ability

The compositional characteristics of the three basic types of myofiber, namely type I (slow‐twitch oxidative), type IIA (fast‐twitch oxidative glycolytic) and type IIB (fast‐twitch glycolytic), are clarified in the skeletal muscles of Japanese Black cattle. The myofiber composition, which is characteristic of the muscles of Japanese Black cattle, markedly changes during their growth, when some type IIA myofibers are transformed into type I or IIB, depending on the different muscles. Independent of these changes with growth, inter‐ and intramuscular variations of myofiber type distribution is evident. The small extensor muscles in deep regions around bone contain a lot of type I myofibers, whereas the large muscles at surface regions have many type II myofibers. Japanese Black cattle have typical white muscles such as the Longissimus thoracis and Semitendinosus, containing half the myofibers as red (type I + IIA). The muscles of Japanese Black cattle show a tendency to contain a higher percentage of type I myofibers than other breeds over an intrabreed variation of the myofiber type composition. In the big muscles such as the Longissimus thoracis and Biceps femoris, a great diversity of myofiber type composition is observed among the different regions. When fattened, heifers produce Longissimus thoracis and Biceps femoris muscles of smaller weight than steers, but in heifers the myofiber size in each type is rather larger. In the Psoas major, Vastus lateralis and Serratus ventralis muscles, heifers contain a higher frequency of red (type I + IIA) myofibers with no differences in myofiber size. Among the several muscles of fattened Japanese Black steers, the percentage distribution of type I myofibers has a positive correlation with the percentage amount of intramuscular fat. From these results, the high potential of Japanese Black cattle to produce marbled beef could be based on the histochemical properties of myofibers in their skeletal muscles.     

日本设施果树的树形结构与光能利用研究进展

通过留学期间对日本设施果树树形结构与光能利用特性的调查分析与研究 ,结果表明 :日本设施果树的树形结构研究始终是围绕高光效、高质量、易管理这三个中心 ,生产上重点在推广单层薄叶幕结构的平棚树形 ,X形、H形、Y形和三主肋骨形及其改良形等高效优产树形已在不同果树上广泛应用。其中Y形非常适合乔木果树的集约化矮密植栽培 ,符合优质、高产、高效农业的发展方向 ,有广泛普及价值 ,未来可能成为除葡萄外多种果树的的通用树形。此类树形结构的突出特点是 :枝叶单层水平分布 ,叶幕薄 ,离地高 ,生态环境优越 ,通风透光好 ,病虫害少。结果均匀整齐 ,下垂果多。果实形正、色佳、味甜、质量好 ,商品档次高。树冠覆盖率和有效生产区高达10 0 %。枝叶生长缓和 ,树势容易控制 ,枝梢夏季管理省工。各器官生长发育状态与节奏好 ,长停交替按次有序 ,营养分配协调合理。而且作业空间大 ,机械行走方便。建议我国因地制宜研究选用