The dynamics of groundwater table and salinity over 17 years in Khorezm

Salinization of irrigated agricultural land threatens ecological sustainability and livelihoods of people. Salinization is especially severe in the dry lowlands world-wide and in Central Asia where large amounts of salts accumulated in the soil profile, originating from shallow saline groundwater (GW). Analysis of the unique dataset of 2000 monitoring wells of GW table and salinity in lowland Khorezm region of Uzbekistan over the period of 1990 till 2006 showed shallow GW levels of 1.1-1.4 m (±0.48-0.66 m) at start of leaching periods and 0.9-1.4 (±0.43-0.63 m) in July during the annual growing seasons. While leaching efficiency is decreased, shallow GW in July is far above the optimum levels of 1.4-1.5 m. The effects of topography, soil texture, and irrigation and drainage networks were found to favor shallow GW forced by excessive water diversion. The drainage network, which is seen by many specialists as underdeveloped and its improvement necessary to arrest unacceptable GW levels, is being used under its full capacity. The solution to alleviate land degradation is not only an improved drainage, but better controlled and more flexible water management.     

安徽发现草地贪夜蛾区别为害麦玉/麦豆轮作田小麦

2019年11月14日,在安徽省涡阳田间调查时发现,相对于麦豆轮作田小麦,草地贪夜蛾更喜食为害麦玉轮作田小麦,麦玉轮作田草地贪夜蛾最高121头/m²,平均75.8头/m²,麦豆轮作田草地贪夜蛾最高4头/m²,平均1.8头/m²,差异显著。这可能与秸秆还田有一定关系。     

砾石覆盖对小麦玉米轮作农田碳排放强度的影响

为研究砾石覆盖对农田土壤水热条件及温室气体排放的影响,探讨小麦-玉米轮作农田碳排放强度对砾石覆盖的响应,开展了基于静态暗箱-气象色谱法的小麦-玉米轮作田间试验,测定了土壤CO2、CH4和N2O3种温室气体的排放,结合产量、全球增温潜势和碳排放强度等指标评估砾石覆盖的农田生态效应及固碳减排作用.试验在作物关键需水期设置0和50mm2个灌溉水平,土壤表面设置无覆盖和100%覆盖2个砾石覆盖度水平,形成无覆盖对照(W0M0)、灌溉对照(W1M0)、砾石覆盖(W0M1)和灌溉砾石覆盖(W1M1)4个处理.结果表明:1)砾石覆盖能有效改善土壤水热状况,显著增加作物产量.与对照处理W0M0相比,W1M0,W0M1和W1M13个处理的作物年际总产量分别增加了18.1%、32.6%和51.8%;2)各处理对3种温室气体排放的影响具体表现为,相比W0M0处理,W1M0,W0M1和W1M13个处理的CO2年际排放总量分别降低了7.8%、12.1%和18.0%,CH4年际吸收总量分别增加了32.5%、80.2%和124.3%,而各处理N2O年际排放总量差异不显著;3)砾石覆盖显著降低了农田温室气体碳排放强度,W1M0,W0M1和W1M13个处理的碳排放强度相比W0M0处理分别降低了14.9%、20.7%和33.6%.比较产量和碳排放强度,经济产量越高,固碳潜力越大,碳排放强度越小.双因素方差分析表明砾石覆盖结合农田灌溉使得作物产量达到最高,碳排放强度最小.综合考虑,砾石覆盖结合农田灌溉能有效改善土壤水热状况,有利于增加作物产量和降低农田温室气体碳排放强度,该研究为干旱半干旱地区实现稳定增产和固碳减排提供一种可行途径.     

Long-term organic and inorganic fertilizations enhanced basic soil productivity in a fluvo-aquic soil

The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity(BSP). In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments(1989–2008) on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer(DSSAT ver. 4.0) crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat(Triticum aestivium L.) and summer maize(Zea mays L.) to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon(SOC) under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included:(1) no fertilization(control),(2) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers(NPK),(3) NPK plus manure(NPKM),(4) 1.5 times of NPKM(1.5NPKM), and(5) NPK plus straw(NPKS). After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize(P0.01), and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha~(–1) when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha~(–1). Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.     

灌淤土区长期施钾对作物产量与养分及土壤钾素的长期效应研究

通过在宁夏灌淤土区长达14年的连续施钾和小麦秸秆还田试验, 研究钾素投入对作物产量、养分和土壤钾素状况的影响.结果表明:小麦秸秆还田和长期施用钾肥均可不同程度提高小麦和玉米的经济产量, 其中施钾年平均增产小麦244 kg·hm-2, 玉米397 kg·hm-2, 处理之间产量表现为氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田>施用氮磷钾肥>氮磷肥配合秸秆还田>只施用氮磷肥.定位后8～10年施钾肥开始显著有效, 玉米显效时间早于小麦;秸秆还田和钾肥的投入均可提高籽粒和秸秆的钾素吸收量, 秸秆含钾丰富, 籽粒钾含量仅占植株钾总量的13%～17%;施用钾肥可提高作物籽粒大中微量元素含量而降低秸秆中、微量元素含量, 促进籽粒对大部分元素的吸收;长期不施钾肥处理(NP和NP+St)0～20 cm土层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量较定位开始时下降; 所有处理土壤全钾含量均表现下降, 下降幅度为0.8～1.2 g·kg-1.     

华北平原典型井灌区农田水循环过程研究回顾

本文回顾了中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站在农田水分循环和水量转化方面的研究工作和进展。目前, 对于冬小麦-夏玉米农田的蒸散耗水量及其结构(植物蒸腾和土壤蒸发)有较详细的研究结果。全年总蒸散量多年平均870 mm, 每年亏缺的350 mm 左右需要靠提取地下水保证; 同位素分析结果显示土壤蒸发的深度在地表下20 cm 处, 而植物蒸腾耗水也主要是利用0~40 cm 土层的土壤水分。对于土壤深层渗漏量和地下水接受垂直补给的问题, 不同研究结果间仍然存在较大差异, 尚需更精细的试验来确定。对于区域水量平衡和地下水资源可持续性的评价和管理, 目前急需重点开展区域蒸散量的精确估算和模拟研究, 以及不同土地利用和不同农业种植方式的水量平衡与水分转化过程研究。     

LAND UTILIZATION COUNTERMEASURES AND CURRENT SITUATION OF HETAO IRRIGATION REGION IN INNER MONGOLIA

<正> Hetao irrigation region is situated in the western part of Inner Mongolia. It stands bythe Yin·Shan mountain in the north, leans against the Yellow River in the south, nears theeastern side of Ulanbuhe Desert in the west and borders on Baotou in the east. It is 280kilometers in length from east to west. and 45-90 kilometers in width from north to south.     

毓宝台灌区水田耗水量研究

本文对沈阳市毓宝台灌区水田进行了三方面研究:彭曼-蒙特斯公式水田需水量的计算、水田渗漏量的试验和计算、水田土壤部分物理性质指标测试。最后得出沈阳市毓宝台灌区的水田需水量、渗漏量和耗水量结果,为沈阳灌区工程的规划、设计和管理提供依据。     

Emergence of irrigated cotton in flatland planting in relation to furrow opener type and crust-breaking treatments for Cambisols in central Iran

Emergence of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under flatland mechanized planting system with crust-forming soil and saline soil and irrigation water can be suboptimal in central Iran. A field experiment was conducted to determine furrow opener type and crust-breaking method effects on cotton emergence on a silty clay soil (Calcic Cambisols). The effects of five planters (equipped with runner, single- and double-disk type openers) and five crust-breaking methods (using rolling cultivator, rolling-type crust breaker, spike-tooth, chain-type harrows and no crust-breaking) on the seedling emergence were studied. The results showed that planter type significantly affected cotton seedling emergence. In non-crust-breaking method, the best emergence was produced with the double-disk opener planter that created crack lines along the seed rows. This phenomenon was not observed with the runner-type opener planter. However, some crack lines were observed on the outside edges of its smooth-crown zero-pressure press wheels tires, which resulted in large clod formation after crust-breaking and had therefore negative effect on seedling emergence. Crust-breaking had negative effect on final emergence for double-disk planter due to filling the crack lines with loosened soil. Crust-breaking improved emergence percentages for runner opener planters, when the depth of penetration of the crust breaker teeth was shallow. The conclusion is that irrigated cotton emergence on crust-forming soils in a flatland planting system might significantly be improved by selecting a double-disk planter with zero-pressure press wheel tires without any crust-breaking operation under the soil and climate of central Iran.     

华北潮土区不同肥力水平土壤基础地力研究

农田基础地力提升对于减施肥料和作物稳产高产有着重大现实意义。为了研究华北潮土区土壤基础地力情况,在河南省典型潮土区原阳县、周口市、夏邑县等不同肥力水平的土壤上,通过2年大田试验及统计分析方法,观测和分析小麦-玉米轮作体系下土壤基础地力变化。结果表明:2012年和2013年小麦季的基础地力贡献率分别为78.1%和76.7%,略高于玉米季的71.9%和74.4%;2012年和2013年两季作物的平均基础地力贡献率分别为74.5%和75.1%,低肥力和高肥力水平土壤的地力贡献率没有显著差异。因此,华北潮土区小麦玉米轮作下土壤基础地力贡献率在75%左右。