细菌生物被膜与抗生素耐药机制研究进展

细菌引发的感染已成为感染性疾病的主要原因之一,具有耐药性和难治性的特点,而且还可以对抗机体的免疫清除作用,对人类和动物的健康造成很大的危害,也给人们生活的其他方面带来了越来越严重的影响,引起了基础和临床研究的极大关注。但是细菌生物被膜对抗生素的耐药机制目前还不十分清楚,现对近年来细菌生物被膜对抗生素耐药形成的几种可能机制进行综述。     

BOX-PCR技术在细菌遗传多样性研究中的应用

以BOX片段(细菌基因组重复序列)为基础的原核生物DNA指纹图谱技术,具有操作简单快捷,可重复性强,容易获得较为丰富的扩增条带等特点。作者综述了BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析技术的特点和一般步骤,并对该技术在细菌菌株遗传多样性研究领域的应用现状和前景进行了阐述。     

应用发光细菌法检测饲用抗生素单一及联合毒性的研究

以HgCl2为毒性参照,以等毒性配比法研究了饲用盐酸金霉素、吉他霉素、盐霉素和黄霉素对发光细菌的单一及联合毒性。结果表明:盐酸金霉素、吉他霉素、盐霉素、黄霉素对明亮发光杆菌的急性毒性EC50分别为9.21、146.13、4.24 mg/L和134.68 mg/L,发光细菌的相对发光强度(RLU)随着抗生素浓度的提高而降低,并分别在2~16、25~200、1~8 mg/L和25~200 mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系;多元饲用抗生素对发光细菌具有联合毒性的作用,吉他霉素与盐酸金霉素、盐霉素和黄霉素3种抗生素的二元组合对发光细菌的联合毒性表现为较强的协同作用,而盐酸金霉素、盐霉素和黄霉素两两分别组合对发光细菌的联合毒性表现为拮抗作用;三元及四元抗生素混合体系对发光细菌的联合毒性均表现为拮抗作用。     

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Italian ryegrass silage

Twenty-three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from three cultivars (Akiaoba, Nagahahikari and Tachiwase) of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage were precisely characterized by a combination of phenotypic tests, genotypic 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and rapid PCR-based analyses, focusing on their useful phenotypes for silage preparation as inoculants. We successfully identified both at the species and subspecies levels: phenotypically novel Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum, Lactobacillus sakei subsp. carnosus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum and Pediococcus parvulus. This is the first report to elucidate the presence of Lactobacillus coryniformis ssp. torquens and Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum in Italian ryegrass silages. Physiological and biochemical tests revealed that phenotypic characteristics are different among the different strains of the same species and subspecies, and that the isolates show unique and diverse phenotypes related to fermentation factors, such as available carbohydrates, optimal growth pH and temperature. These results suggest that, for various well-preserved silage preparations, the isolates may be useful in producing novel inoculants corresponding to their optimally climatic and ecological niches.     

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Dairy Cow Mastitis in Liaoning and Drug Sensibility Test of Pathogenic E.coli

In order to understand the main bacterial pathogen species causing dairy cow mastitis in Liaoning, as well as the characteristics of drug sensitivity of the pathogenic E.coli,the milk samples from 75 dairy cows with clinical manifestations for mastitis in certain large-scale dairy farm in Liaoning were collected.The bacteria in milk were cultured and isolated with biochemical methods and in vitro drug sensitivity tests were processed with the isolated E.coli strains.The results showed that the main bacterial pathogen for dairy cow mastitis were E.coli（separation rate 58.7%),S.aureus（64.0%）and S.agalactiae（54.7%),and multiple infection including double and triple infection were identified.The drug sensitivity tests on the isolated E.coli indicated that the E.coli isolates were highly resistant to sulfonamides（resistance rate>85%）and chloramphenicol（resistance rate>30%),and they were relatively low resistant to ampicillin（9.5%),ciprofloxacin（9.5%),ceftiofur（7.1%）and ofloxacin（4.8%).The results was able to provide reliable theoretical basis for prevention and control of dairy cow mastitis in Liaoning area.     

布尔山羊乳腺炎病原菌的分离与鉴定

应用三种方法对来自一个布尔羊场的50份奶样进行隐性乳腺炎检测，并对检出的阳性乳样进行细菌分离鉴定。结果表明，所用的三种方法具有良好的一致性；该羊场的隐性乳腺炎检出率为18％（9／50），阳性乳样中细菌检出率为77.8%(7/9),分离到6株病原菌，通过进一步鉴定，证明葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌是引起该场布尔山羊隐性乳房炎的主要病原菌，其次为大肠杆菌和巴氏杆菌。这就提示，对于布尔山羊，同样需要重视乳腺炎的预防与治疗。     

添加不同酵母培养物对瘤胃纤维分解菌群和纤维素酶活的影响

用3种酵母培养物(YC- 1、YC 2和YC- 3)分别饲喂4头带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的肉牛,研究培养物对瘤胃发酵、纤维分解酶活性和3种纤维分解菌数量的影响,结果表明:YC 2处理的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总 VFA浓度显著高于对照组(P<0 .05),YC 1和YC 3处理的乙酸/丙酸比例显著降低(P<0 .01);各处理均能显著提高瘤胃内羧甲基纤维素酶、水杨苷酶和木聚糖酶的活性(P<0 .01);各处理都显著提高黄化瘤胃球菌的相对比例(P<0 .01),16SrRNA特异性寡聚核苷酸探针杂交法分析测定结果表明 3 种纤维分解菌在瘤胃细菌中所占比例为 3. 80%±0 .2%。     

高寒草甸牧草内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌261MY6生防潜力评价

本研究以番茄丁香假单胞叶斑病菌Pseudomonas syringa为指示菌,采用含菌平板抑菌圈测定法,从高寒草甸牧草内生细菌中筛选获取优良拮抗菌株261MY6,结合形态学、生理生化、16S rDNA及gyrB基因序列分析将其鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）。通过平板对峙法、溶磷法、Salkowski法及盆栽试验等测定其生物功能及室内盆栽防效。结果表明,菌株261MY6对番茄丁香假单胞叶斑病菌的抑菌圈直径达1.20 cm,盆栽防效达68.71%。具有溶解无机磷、固氮和分泌IAA的功能,对马铃薯褐腐病菌（Stysanus stemonitis）、马铃薯炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum coccodes）、马铃薯枯萎病菌（Fusarium avenaceum）、小麦根腐病菌（Bipolaris sorokiniana）、黄瓜枯萎病菌（F. oxysporum）、番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）、马铃薯褐腐病菌（Stysanus stemonitis）、孜然根腐病菌（F. Solani）和番瓜根腐病菌（Fusarium sp.）有良好抑制作用。该结果为解淀粉芽孢杆菌261MY6进一步开发利用提供了理论依据。     

Tooth brushing inhibits oral bacteria in dogs

In this study, scaling, polishing and daily tooth brushing were performed in 20 beagle dogs, and the number of oral bacteria was determined using a bacterial counter. The dogs were randomized into the scaling (S), scaling + polishing (SP), scaling + tooth daily brushing (SB) and scaling + polishing + tooth daily brushing (SPB) groups. Samples were collected from the buccal surface of the maxillary fourth premolars of the dogs immediately after scaling and every week thereafter from weeks 1 to 8. Throughout the study, the number of bacteria was significantly lower in the SB and SPB groups compared with the S group. The findings suggest that daily tooth brushing inhibited oral bacterial growth in the dogs.