水耕人为土时间序列铁氧化物与磁化率演变特征

以我国亚热带地区不同母质起源的水耕人为土时间序列为研究对象,分析不同形态铁氧化物和磁化率随成土时间的动态演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明,石灰性母质起源的水耕人为土0~120 cm土体中全铁(Fet)、游离铁(Fed)和游离度(Fed/Fet)随时间序列演变均逐渐增加,0~50 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet增加速率分别为3.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、1.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.04%a~(-1),50~1 000 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet增加速率分别为0.1 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、0.15 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.01%a~(-1);而酸性母质起源的水耕人为土0~120 cm土体中Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet随时间序列演变均逐渐下降,0~60 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet下降速率分别为0.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、0.5 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.03%a~(-1),60~300 a内Fet、Fed和Fed/Fet下降速率分别为0.9 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)、1.2 t hm~(-2) a~(-1)和0.06%a~(-1)。土壤pH、Eh、以及外源铁输入与土体内铁淋失的相对强度是控制不同母质水耕人为土中铁氧化物转化速率与途径的主要因素。石灰性母质起源的水耕人为土中不同磁学指标随时间演变分为三个阶段:0~50 a内表现为质量磁化率(MS)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和软剩磁(IRMs)的急剧降低;50~300 a内表现为MS、SIRM和IRMs的持续、缓慢降低以及硬剩磁(IRMh)的相对稳定发展;300~1 000 a内表现为MS、SIRM和IRMs的持续、缓慢降低以及IRMh的快速下降。酸性母质起源的水耕人为土0~20 cm和20~120 cm土壤中磁学指标演变呈现截然不同的两个阶段:0~60 a 0~20 cm内MS,SIRM和IRMs的急剧降低,IRMh具有明显增加;而20~120 cm内MS、SIRM和IRMs缓慢下降,IRMh明显降低。60~300 a 0~20 cm内不同磁学指标变化幅度均很小,而20~120 cm内IRMh相对比较稳定,MS、SIRM和IRMs在种稻150 a后快速下降。淹水还原条件下亚铁磁性矿物的破坏是不同母质水耕人为土演变过程中磁性衰减的主要机制。     

锌在铁氧化物和土壤上的吸附

选用人工合成的两种铁氧化物(针铁矿和赤铁矿)和一种土壤,研究了Zn2 在供试样品上的吸附,并对其吸附机理进行了分析.结果表明,供试样品吸附Zn2 的量随其浓度的升高而增加,土壤、赤铁矿、针铁矿吸附Zn2 的量依次增加;供试样品吸附Zn2 后,溶液的pH值均降低;用线性方程、Langmuir、Freundlich、Dubinin-Redushkerich等温吸附方程对供试样品吸附Zn2 的数据进行了描述与比较,并结合其组成进行了吸附机理探讨.     

铜陵铜尾矿废弃地中氧化铁研究

[目的]对铜尾矿废弃地中的氧化铁进行研究,探讨不同类型氧化铁对土壤形成过程的影响。[方法]以铜陵2处不同时间弃置的铜尾矿废弃地为对象,采用化学分析法研究了自然生态恢复过程中3类铁氧化物（无定形氧化铁、游离氧化铁和络合态氧化铁）的含量。[结果1尾矿废弃物无定形氧化铁含量为（1．73±0．77）～（9．68±2．94）g/kg,氧化铁活化度为（4．80±3．85）％-（91．94±4．34）％;游离氧化铁、晶质态氧化铁含量和游离度分别为（9．10±1．57）～（42．77±12．69）、（2．50±0．57）～（42．05±13．46）g／kg和（8．17±1．77）％～（20．02．±5．38）％;成土时间较短的杨山冲铜尾矿废弃地不同发育层尾矿中3种氧化铁含量差异较小,而弃置时间较长的铜官山尾矿废弃地随深度增加无定形氧化铁逐渐降低,游离氧化铁和络合态氧化铁逐渐增加。相关分析表明：2处尾矿废弃地pH值与无定形氧化铁含量及氧化铁活化度呈极显著正相关．而与游离氧化铁含量、铁游离度、晶质态氧化铁含量和络合态氧化铁含量呈极显著负相关;有机质含量与无定形氧化铁含量和氧化铁活化度呈极显著负相关,而与游离氧化铁含量、游离度及晶质态氧化铁含量呈极显著正相关.目前,铜陵铜尾矿废弃地尚处于成土过程的初期阶段,大量问题仍有待于进一步研究。[结论]探索了自然生态恢复过程中尾矿废弃地中铁氧化物的形态、含量变化特征及其影响因素,为进一步揭示铜尾矿及类似尾矿废弃物的成土过程、成土机制等理论研究提供参考。     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) I. Total Sulphur Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Total sulphur content of some benchmark soils was evaluated by correlating with the contents of soil organic C and amorphous oxides (Al and Fe), and the particle size distribution. An equation model to calculate the content of total soil sulphur was first obtained by regression analysis. Introducing these chemical and physical data of all the map units except for the wetlands into the equation model, the sulphur level on a national scale was estimated for each soil mapping unit in the exploratory soil map of Zambia. Second, the total sulphur content was rated into 3 classes based on the frequency distribution of the total sulphur content in the benchmark soils. Finally, the rated total sulphur content was incorporated into the national soil map database of GIS to produce a map with the total sulphur content of Zambian soils. The extent of each class was calculated and the distribution of the areas was examined in relation to rainfall and soil formation.     

红壤基质组分对磷吸持指数的影响

在红壤旱地肥料长期定位试验(始于1988年)中,选取了无机肥试验区的NPK、NP、NK、PK,有机无机配施试验区的CK、CK+猪厩肥(BM)及CK+花生秸秆(SR)等7个施肥处理土壤,测定了土壤磷吸持指数(Phosphate sorption index,PSI),分析了PSI与红壤最大吸磷量(Xm)的相关关系,讨论了土壤pH、有机质、黏粒、铁铝氧化物及无机磷酸盐等基质组分对PSI的影响。结果表明:长期施磷或配施有机肥均可显著降低红壤PSI值,随着土壤pH的升高、有机质及铁结合态磷酸盐(Fe-P)含量的增加,红壤PSI显著降低;土壤游离铁铝氧化物及黏粒含量越高,PSI也越大。PSI与Xm呈显著线性相关关系(Xm=0.5PSI+412.8,n=15,r=0.967**,p<0.01),因此,可以用PSI替代Xm来表征土壤固磷能力,亦可由PSI的大小来推断土壤磷的供磷能力。     

水稻土中铁氧化还原循环的光照水分效应

水稻土中铁的氧化还原循环与CO2和CH4排放关系密切。采用恒温厌氧培养试验分别在黑暗、光照条件下研究了不同水分状况对水稻土中铁氧化还原过程、水溶性碳含量及CO2和CH4排放的影响。结果表明,水分和光照是调控土壤铁氧化还原过程及其耦合的碳转化过程的关键环境因子。避光时增加含水量缩短铁还原最大速率出现的时间,促进CH4排放。光照条件下含水量小于50%时增加含水量可促进亚铁的再氧化,大于50%时则抑制了亚铁的再氧化。避光时增加含水量可增加体系的水溶性无机碳含量(WSIC),WSIC与CH4的排放存在显著正相关关系。光照可显著降低体系的WSIC,降低幅度随含水量的增加而增大。在含水量25%～200%范围内,光照可使CO2和CH4排放量分别降低95.80%和96.08%。     

苏州热电厂典型循环流化床氮氧化物排污系数核算研究

根据2013年苏州地区热电厂典型循环流化床企业生产现状及氮氧化物排放情况,采用实测法核算了该地区热电联产行业的氮氧化物排污系数,并将所得系数与《第一次全国污染源普查工业污染源产排污系数手册》推荐数据进行了对比,分析了差异原因。     

Remediation of a soil contaminated with heavy metals by immobilizing compounds

The labile fraction of heavy metals (HM) in soils is the most important for toxicity for plants and microorganisms. Thus, it is crucial to reduce this fraction in contaminated soils to decrease the negative effect of HM. In a greenhouse experiment, the effects of several additives on the labile fractions of Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb were investigated in a soil contaminated during long‐term sewage‐sludge application. The accumulation of HM was studied in the aboveground biomass of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The additives used were the clay minerals Na‐bentonite, Ca‐bentonite, and zeolite; the Fe oxides hematite and goethite; the phosphate fertilizers superphosphate and Novaphos. Wheat was planted three times during 5 months, allowed to grow for 7 w, and harvested. Dry matter and HM content of shoots were determined after each harvest. Soil samples were taken after the first and third harvest, and the NH₄NO₃‐extractable HM contents were determined. After the addition of 2% Na‐bentonite as well as 2% Ca‐bentonite, a strong reduction of the labile HM soil fraction and shoot HM concentration was observed. At the end of the experiment, the labile fraction was reduced due to the addition of Na‐bentonite and Ca‐bentonite by 24% and 31% for Zn, by 37% and 36% for Cd, by 41% and 43% for Cu, by 54% and 61% for Ni, and by 48% and 41% for Pb, respectively. Furthermore, the shoot HM concentrations with the exception of Zn were reduced below the phytotoxicity range. Accordingly, the shoot dry‐matter production was significantly increased. The addition of phosphate fertilizers (notably Novaphos) strongly reduced the bioavailability of Pb for wheat plants. By addition of 0.05% Novaphos, the labile fraction and the shoot concentration of Pb were lowered by 39% and 64%, respectively. However, the addition of Fe oxides and zeolite resulted only in a small reduction in HM bioavailability to wheat plants. Among the studied additives, Na‐bentonite and Ca‐bentonite have the most promising potential to reduce the bioavailability for the studied HM.     

处理柴油机氮氧化物和颗粒的低温等离子体法

柴油机氮氧化物和碳烟处理的方法有很多种，低温等离子体技术的涌现，为解决柴油机NOx和碳烟排放问题指出了一条新路。为此，重点阐述了运用于柴油机上的低温等离子体技术原理；比较分析了几种低温等离子体的产生，主要是电极的布置；提出了两种新的电极布置方法；设计了无声放电运用于氮氧化物和颗粒排放处理的实验流程。     

Assessing the performance of phosphorus-saturated ochre as a fertilizer and its environmental acceptability

Abstract. Flooding of abandoned coal mines often causes discharges of iron-rich drainage water into the environment. Treatment of these discharges results in the formation of ochre (hydrous iron oxides) for which no end-use has been identified. Ochre effectively adsorbs phosphate from solution and thus could be used for remediation of waste waters. The resulting P-enriched ochre could then potentially be recycled as a P fertilizer. Pot and field experiments were set up to assess performance and environmental acceptability of ochre in this role, using grass and barley as test crops, as well as birch and spruce tree seedlings. Soils and plant materials were analysed for total and available P, total metals and pH. Results showed that P-saturated ochre functioned as a slow-release P fertilizer, and in the short term was as effective as conventional P fertilizer in maintaining crop yields. It also raised soil pH, and did not pose any significant problem through introduction of potentially toxic trace metals into the soil.