不同形态氧化铁对黄土性土壤吸附铅的影响

针对土壤含氧化铁的普遍性以及氧化铁对土壤理化性质的重要影响,探求氧化铁对土壤吸附重金属离子的作用与影响。采用了化学选择性溶提技术,分别去除黄土性母质上发育的古土壤、淋溶褐土和黄褐土中不同形态的氧化铁,采用了等温吸附试验,并以Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合参数为指标,分析去除不同形态氧化铁前后土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附特征。结果表明:原土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附曲线逐渐递增,并无明显阶段特征,且更符合Freundlich方程;而去除不同形态氧化铁后的3类土壤对Pb~(2+)的吸附曲线均为L型,阶段特征显著,更加符合Langmuir方程,且土壤对Pb~(2+)的亲和力(KL)成倍增加;去除络合态铁和无定形氧化铁后,土壤对Pb~(2+)的最大吸附量均有不同程度增加,其中去除无定形氧化铁之后,古土壤对Pb~(2+)的最大吸附量增幅最大,增加了14.71 mg·g-1;去除游离态氧化铁后古土壤、淋溶褐土对Pb~(2+)的吸附量分别下降了5.95、3.10 mg·g-1,黄褐土对Pb~(2+)的吸附量则增加了2.98 mg·g-1。土壤中氧化铁对Pb~(2+)吸附能力与吸附容量的影响不完全依赖于氧化铁的含量,在很大程度上依赖于土壤中氧化铁的形态。对于不同氧化铁形态的土壤采用相应的化学溶提技术,能够获得具有较高吸附性能的粘土矿物环境材料。     

两种亚热带土壤中铁锰的淋溶淀积及其对Pb和Cd的吸附特征

以亚热带的棕红壤和黄棕壤为装柱材料,用铁锰混合溶液(0～0.04 mol· L-1)淋溶土柱,研究铁锰在土壤中的淀积特征,并用等温吸附法研究其对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附规律.结果表明:土柱淋溶后,各处理中棕红壤淀积的锰含量比黄棕壤的低0.24～1.17 mg·g-1,各处理土壤表面淀积的游离铁和非晶质铁的含量均显著高于锰氧化物.经铁锰溶液淋溶而形成的土壤样品对pb2+、Cd2+的最大吸附量比未淋溶的土壤高,最大增加量可达33.07 mmol· kg-1,可见铁锰淀积能显著提高土壤对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附能力.土柱上层(装柱5cm处)土壤样品对pb2+、Cd2+的最大吸附量大于土柱下层(装柱25 cm处)样品,最大差值可达到16.22 mmol·kg-1.两种土壤对pb2+的吸附量是对Cd2+的8～15倍.     

EGR技术在自然吸气柴油机上的应用

提出一种将废气再循环EGR技术应用于自然吸气柴油机上的可行方法,通过在某柴油机上进行匹配EGR系统的试验,使NOx排放大幅度降低,并且平衡了和PM的矛盾关系,最终达到了欧ⅢA非道路用柴油机排放法规要求。     

湖北恩施几种典型土壤对氟的吸附与解吸特性

采用室内试验方法,研究了恩施六种土壤氟吸附的特性。结果表明:(1)不同土壤的吸附量差异很大,表现为黄粘泥水田土>红粘壤土>泥质岩黄壤土>红砂泥水田土>中性紫色土>黑色石灰土;同一土壤的吸附量随氟离子初始浓度的增大而增大。不同土壤的解吸量在低浓度时差异不明显,高浓度时表现为黄粘泥水田土、红粘壤土、泥质岩黄壤土、红砂泥水田土>中性紫色土>黑色石灰土;同一土壤的解吸量随氟离子初始浓度的增大而增大。(2)Langmuir公式可以很好地描述土壤氟吸附的特性,Freundlich公式能够较好地描述土壤对氟的吸附。(3)去除铁、铝氧化物后土壤氟吸附量明显降低;草酸能够促进土壤对氟的吸附;共存PO43-能够抑制土壤对氟的吸附。     

黄土高原淋溶土黏粒、氧化铁与颜色的关系及发生学解释——以山西土系调查的31个黏化层为例

以黄土高原山西省14个淋溶土剖面的31个偏红的黏化层(Bt)为研究对象,分析了其全铁、游离氧化铁、无定形态氧化铁的含量与土壤颜色参数、黏粒含量之间的相关性,并建立了定量关系模型。结果表明:Bt的黏粒含量与氧化铁含量之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);颜色的红度与全铁、游离氧化铁和无定形氧化铁含量之间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其中游离氧化铁是最直接的土壤红色"染色剂";其他色调、明度与彩度等颜色参数与土壤全铁、游离氧化铁含量之间亦呈现出显著的相关性,这也间接说明了黏粒含量与土壤颜色具有一定相关性。野外观测发现,某些黏化层结构体表面颜色较结构体内基质颜色更红,证实了在土壤结构体表面氧化铁随着黏粒在土壤空隙中的迁移淀积。黄土高原淋溶土偏红的黏化层多是来自由于土壤侵蚀而出露地表或接近地表的第三纪保德红土和第四纪红黏土,其黏粒含量、土壤颜色等指标均表明第三纪的古气候条件较第四纪更为湿热。     

Phosphate sorption to matrix and fracture wall materials in a Glossaqualf

Phosphate retaining properties of macropore wall materials may influence the extent of phosphate leaching via preferential flow. Phosphate sorption to soil matrix material has been compared with sorption to fracture wall materials consisting of inner iron-oxide depleted albic coatings rimmed by reddish iron-oxide enriched quasicoatings. The latter contains 15 times as much Fe oxide, 2 times as much Al (hydr)oxide and 5–6 times as much total P than the albic material, which represent the most P-depleted material in the profile. Oxalate extractable P (P_o) amounts to of the total P contents of the samples. Smectite predominates in the fracture walls and acid subsoils, but has partly transformed into hydroxy-interlayered smectite (HIS) in the upper limed soil horizons. Langmuir parameters derived from phosphate sorption isotherms show no correlation for sorption to whole soil samples and the corresponding clay fractions. The phosphate sorption capacity at a threshold equilibrium concentration of 10 μM (P_ads^t (10 μM)) is measured as the content of P_o plus the amount of phosphate sorbed during 7 days, and can be related to Al_o+Fe_o: P_ads^t (10 μM)=(0.0404±0.0046)·(Al_o+Fe_o)***+3.569. The P_ads^t (10 μM) values vary between 4 and 14 mmol P kg⁻¹, lowest in the albic fracture walls and highest in the iron enriched quasi-coatings. The sorption capacity of the metal oxide free clay does not appear to correlate with smectite or HIS contents. In total, the clay fraction contributes with about 50% of the whole soil sorption capacity in agreement with 40–60% of the total soil Al_o+Fe_o being present in the clay fraction. At a solution phosphate concentration of 10 μM, the Ap horizon is found to be almost phosphate saturated whereas subsoil horizons including the fractures have phosphate saturations ≤50% and, hence, can strongly sorb P. The low phosphate saturation of fracture walls indicates that they do not act as major sinks of phosphate-rich solutions from topsoil horizons, either due to kinetic constraints, or due to a flow pattern not allowing P-rich solution to percolate fractures.     

水稻土淹水过程中不同土层铁形态的变化及对磷吸附解吸特性的影响

采用土柱模拟试验研究了水稻土淹水过程中不同土层铁形态的变化及对磷吸附、解吸特性的影响。结果表明，淹水使土壤中结晶态氧化铁含量减少，同时使无定形氧化铁大大增加，土壤对磷的吸附能力大为提高，磷最大吸附量增大，磷解吸率降低，从而影响水稻土中磷的有效性。淹水土壤还原层铁形态和磷吸附、解吸的变化比氧化层更为剧烈，尤其是红壤性水稻土，在青紫泥中两土层间的差异不明显。     

Iron oxides in four Red Mediterranean soils on metarhyolite and metadolerite in Kilkis,Greece

The various iron fractions were quantified by selective dissolution (Fe_d, Fe_o, Fe_t) in four Red Mediterranean soils, developed on metarhyolite and metadolerite. They were similar in all profiles. A strong trend of iron removal from the surface horizon and of its subsequent illuvial translocation to the argillic horizons was observed. In all profiles, Fe_o was not related to the organic matter content indicating the Mediterranean xeric soil environment. The Fe_o/Fe_d ratio and the percentage of crystalline iron oxides (Fe_d-Fe_o) suggested that the pedoenvironment in which the profiles P1, P2 were formed, allowed the high crystallization of iron oxides. As indicated by the Fe_d/Fe_t values, the weathering process was more intense in the metarhyolite-developed soils. In contrast, the metadolerite-developed soils present conditions of poorly crystallized iron oxides and a lower degree of development.     

Pre-lysis washing improves DNA extraction from a forest soil

A pre-lysis buffer washing procedure was introduced to DNA extraction from a forest soil with high organic matter and iron oxide contents. Sodium phosphate of 0.1 M (pH 7.5) was used as a buffer to wash soil samples when subsequent lysis buffer was phosphate, and 20 mM EDTA (pH 7.5) was used when subsequent lysis buffer included EDTA. Initial experiments were not successful because the DNA extracts could not be amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The consideration of introducing a pre-lysis washing procedure was based on the idea that the washing should promote soil dispersion and homogeneity, decrease DNA adsorption by soil components (e.g. iron oxides), and remove covalent cations and those easily-dissolving organic compounds from the soil samples. Results revealed that humic substance content decreased by 31%, but DNA yield increased by 24% in the DNA extracts of the pre-lysis washing procedures, compared to the non-washing procedures. DNA extracted by the pre-washing procedure needed less purification for subsequent 18S and 16S rDNA PCR amplifications. It was recommended that the pre-lysis buffer washing should be used for DNA extraction from those difficult environmental samples, such as the forest soil with high contents of organic matter and iron oxides.     

Exploring Interactions between Pollutant Emissions and Climatic Variability in Growth of Red Spruce in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Concern exists as to the status of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in the Great Smoky Mountains, with evidence both for and against an unprecedented decline in radial growth during the past century. On the basis of a dendrological record from 1850 to 1998, our analyses support a decline in radial growth starting as early as the 1940s through to the 1970s; in the 1970s there was a reversal of this decline. In comparing trees near ridges (2000 m) with those in draws (1500 m), we found differences in the (a) timing of the decline, (b) rate of decline, and (c) homogeneity of the decline, with trees near ridges showing earlier, faster, and more homogeneous declines than trees in draws. We hypothesized that changes in climatic conditions and/or atmospheric pollutants, both of which changed beyond ranges of natural variability, were related to the observed decline in radial growth. In trees near ridges, up to 67.1% of changes in radial growth could be explained by a combination of climatic conditions (7.6%) and annual emissions of nitric oxides (NO_x) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) (an additional 59.5%). In trees from draws, up to 38.3% of the changes in radial growth could be explained by climatic conditions only. A conceptual model is presented, where trees in naturally acidic soils with low base saturation provide a sensitive signal for the changing nature of acidic pollutants, but trees in anthropogenically acidifying soils with an initially higher baser saturation provide a signal that is confounded by a transient increase of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the soil that results in a transient increase in radial growth.