Ferric iron transformation in soils with rotation of irrigated rice-upland crops and effect on soil tillage properties

We examined the relationship between the form of iron and the tillability (defined as the degree of ease of pulverizing a soil into small clods) of soils in upland fields that had been converted from paddy fields. The amount of iron (Fe.e) extractable with acetate buffer (pH 3.0) decreased from 0.959 g kg_-1 in a field that has been continuously used as a paddy field to 0.104 g kg-I in a field that had been converted into an upland field for a period of 5 y. There was no significant change in the free iron oxide content under upland conditions. These results indicate that ferric iron oxides are gradually crystallized to less reactive forms after the conversion of a paddy field into upland conditions. Both soil tillability (represented by the mean clod diameter after tillage) and the stability of the soil microstructure (represented by the sediment volume) also increased during the 3-y period after conversion and then remained constant for the last 2-y period of the study. On the basis of these results, two mechanisms for the improvement of soil tillability can be proposed as follows: crystallization of ferric iron oxides increased their resistance to microbiological reduction and due to this stabilization the iron oxides as a cementing reagent that contributed to the soil microstructure, which in turn affected the soil tillability. During the first year after drainage, however, there was no significant correlation between the soil tillability and amount of Fe_ac, presumably because the soil was not sufficiently dry in the first year after conversion, and the iron oxides did not affect appreciably the soil structure.     

EGR技术在自然吸气柴油机上的应用

提出一种将废气再循环EGR技术应用于自然吸气柴油机上的可行方法,通过在某柴油机上进行匹配EGR系统的试验,使NOx排放大幅度降低,并且平衡了和PM的矛盾关系,最终达到了欧ⅢA非道路用柴油机排放法规要求。     

Pre-lysis washing improves DNA extraction from a forest soil

A pre-lysis buffer washing procedure was introduced to DNA extraction from a forest soil with high organic matter and iron oxide contents. Sodium phosphate of 0.1 M (pH 7.5) was used as a buffer to wash soil samples when subsequent lysis buffer was phosphate, and 20 mM EDTA (pH 7.5) was used when subsequent lysis buffer included EDTA. Initial experiments were not successful because the DNA extracts could not be amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The consideration of introducing a pre-lysis washing procedure was based on the idea that the washing should promote soil dispersion and homogeneity, decrease DNA adsorption by soil components (e.g. iron oxides), and remove covalent cations and those easily-dissolving organic compounds from the soil samples. Results revealed that humic substance content decreased by 31%, but DNA yield increased by 24% in the DNA extracts of the pre-lysis washing procedures, compared to the non-washing procedures. DNA extracted by the pre-washing procedure needed less purification for subsequent 18S and 16S rDNA PCR amplifications. It was recommended that the pre-lysis buffer washing should be used for DNA extraction from those difficult environmental samples, such as the forest soil with high contents of organic matter and iron oxides.     

Iron absorption,localization, and biomineralization of Cynodon dactylon,a perennial grass from the Río Tinto basin (SW Iberian Peninsula)

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is a perennial rhizomatous grass (Poaceae), grown for cattle nutrition on the riverbanks of Río Tinto (Southwest Iberian Peninsula, Spain), a highly acidic area with high concentrations of iron (Fe) and other metals. This study focuses on the absorption, distribution, and accumulation of Fe in the root, rhizome, and leaves of C. dactylon under controlled conditions. Plants collected from Río Tinto were grown in a Hoagland solution containing 500 mg kg^–1 of ferrous Fe. Samples were collected up to 2 months after exposure and analyzed for total Fe concentration using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and for Fe distribution and bioformations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy‐dispersive x‐ray analyzer (EDX). The results show high concentrations of Fe in all plant organs, with fast Fe translocation from roots to leaves. Iron bioformations composed mainly of Fe, S, and K were detected in all plant organs and were especially apparent in roots and leaves. These results differ from those reported for another species of Poaceae, Imperata cylindrica, which grows under the same environmental conditions, suggesting the existence of different resistance strategies between species of the same family.     

零盐分效应点: 与巴西São Paulo州典型土壤的粘土矿物结构之间的关系

The point of zero salt effect （PZSE） is the soil pH value at which the magnitude of the variable surface charges is not changed due to variations in the ionic concentration of the soil solution. This property influences not only electrochemical phenomena occurring at the solid-solution interface but also the flocculation degree of the soil particles. In this study we investigated the relationships between the clay mineralogy and the PZSE values of representative soils of the Sāo Paulo State, Brazil. The results confirmed the usefulness of the difference between the soil pH values measured in 1 mol L^-1 KCl （pHKCl） and in water （pHH2O） （2 pHKCl-pHH2O） for estimating the PZSE of tropical soils, except for the ones rich in exchangeable Al; furthermore, the ApH index （pHKC1 - pHH2O） was highly correlated with the difference between the PZSE and pHH2O values, reiterating the △pH utility for estimating both the signal and the magnitude of the net surface charge of tropical soils. Finally, correlation and multiple regression analyses showed that the PZSE value of weathered non-allophanic tropical soils tends to increase and to equal the soil pH due to the weathering-induced kaolinite destabilization and concomitant Fe- and Al-oxide accumulation.     

长期秸秆还田对砂姜黑土矿质复合态有机质稳定性的影响

依托10 a定位试验研究了秸秆还田对典型砂姜黑土有机矿质复合体中有机质稳定性的影响机制。田间试验设置5个处理:氮磷钾配施下的小麦和玉米秸秆双季还田(WMS+F)、小麦秸秆还田(WS+F)、玉米秸秆还田(MS+F)、非秸秆还田(F)处理,以不施肥模式下的非秸秆还田为对照(CK)。结果显示,铁铝键合态和紧密结合态有机质含量累计占土壤总有机质的88.70%,且三者变化趋势一致,均呈现WS+F≈WMS+F≈MS+FFCK,并与土壤短程有序、有机结合态铁铝氧化物呈显著正相关,但与非晶型铁铝氧化物呈负相关性。秸秆还田显著促进了土壤有机质累积,并受到土壤铁铝键合态有机质的影响,但由于非晶型铁铝氧化物生成速度较慢,限制了土壤有机质的进一步累积。土壤紧密结合态有机质对其全量的贡献明显高于铁铝键合态有机质,相关机制值得进一步研究。     

湖北恩施几种典型土壤对氟的吸附与解吸特性

采用室内试验方法,研究了恩施六种土壤氟吸附的特性。结果表明:(1)不同土壤的吸附量差异很大,表现为黄粘泥水田土>红粘壤土>泥质岩黄壤土>红砂泥水田土>中性紫色土>黑色石灰土;同一土壤的吸附量随氟离子初始浓度的增大而增大。不同土壤的解吸量在低浓度时差异不明显,高浓度时表现为黄粘泥水田土、红粘壤土、泥质岩黄壤土、红砂泥水田土>中性紫色土>黑色石灰土;同一土壤的解吸量随氟离子初始浓度的增大而增大。(2)Langmuir公式可以很好地描述土壤氟吸附的特性,Freundlich公式能够较好地描述土壤对氟的吸附。(3)去除铁、铝氧化物后土壤氟吸附量明显降低;草酸能够促进土壤对氟的吸附;共存PO43-能够抑制土壤对氟的吸附。     

铜尾矿对水溶液中磷的吸附与解吸

为研究铜尾矿作为吸附剂对水溶液中磷的吸附与解吸,从铜陵尾矿库采取尾矿样本,以其作为吸附材料对KH2PO4配制的水溶液进行吸附,用比色法测定磷的平衡浓度,然后计算平衡吸附量和解吸量。结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程能够较好地描述铜尾矿对水溶液中磷的吸附过程;尾矿废弃物对水溶液中磷酸根的吸附量与尾矿样本中游离氧化铁、晶质氧化铁、有机络合铁含量以及烧失量呈极显著正相关,而与pH呈极显著负相关;各种植物群落下A层尾矿对磷的吸附量低于C层,尾矿对水溶液中磷的平均最大吸附量超过0.85 mg.g-1,铜官山老尾矿库白茅群落下硬盘层对水溶液中磷的平均最大吸附量达到8.66 mg.g-1,被铜尾矿吸附的磷的平均解吸率低于5%。     

亚热带土壤不同矿物组分中铬的吸附

Safe application of chromium (Cr)-containing organic industrial wastes to soil requires considering the ability of the soil to adsorb Cr.In this study,the maximum Cr adsorption capacity was assessed for the bulk samples and their clay and iron-free clay fractions of four subtropical soils differing in mineralogy.To this end,the samples were supplied with Cr(Ⅲ) nitrate solutions at pH 4.5 or 5.5.The results of Cr(Ⅲ) adsorption fitted to a Freundlich equation and the adsorption capacity was positively correlated with soil organic matter and iron oxide contents.The clay fractions adsorbed more Cr per unit mass than the bulk soils and the iron-free clay fractions.The Cr(Ⅲ) adsorption capacity increased with increasing soil pH due to more charges on adsorbing surfaces.Our results suggest that the soils rich in organic matter and iron oxides and having a pH above 4.5 are suitable for application of Cr(Ⅲ)-loaded industrial wastes.     

磷酸盐在水铁矿及水铁矿-胡敏酸复合体表面的吸附

The adsorption of phosphate onto ferrihydrite (FH) and two FH-humic acid (HA) complexes, obtained by co-precipitating FH with low (FH-HA1) and relatively high amounts of humic acid (FH-HA2), was studied through kinetics and isotherm experiments to determine the differences in phosphate adsorption between FH-HA complexes and FH and to reveal the mechanism of phosphate adsorption onto two soil compositions. The isoelectric point (IEP) and the specific surface area (SSA) of the mineral decreased as the particle porosity of the mineral increased, which corresponded to an increase in the amount of organic carbon. The adsorption capacity of phosphate was higher on FH than on FH-HA1 and FH-HA2 at the scale of micromoles per kilogram. The initial adsorption rate and adsorption affinity of phosphate decreased with an increase in the amount of HA in the mineral. The sensitivity of phosphate adsorption to the change in the pH was greater for FH than for FH-HA complexes. Ionic strength did not affect the adsorption of phosphate onto FH and FH-HA1 at a lower pH, and the increase in the ionic strength promoted phosphate adsorption at a higher pH. However, for the FH-HA2 complex, the increase in the ionic strength inhibited the adsorption of phosphate onto FH-HA2 at a lower pH and increased the adsorption at a higher pH.